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Biology Exam #2 > animal diversity lecture 17 > Flashcards

animal diversity lecture 17 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the different symetries

A

Asymmetry: body that cannot be divided into
symmetrical body parts (not symmetrical) ex: sponges

Radial Symmetry: any cut along the central body axis
results in similar halves (like cutting a pie) ex: jellyfish

Bilateral Symmetry: only one cut along one plane (2 mirror image halves) ex: lizard

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2
Q

are animals heterotrophic or autotrophic

A
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3
Q

What is the purpose of digestion in animals

A

Break down edible organic matter

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4
Q

What is the simplest form of digestion ? What does it involve ?

A

Intracellular digestion : occurs inside cells
Involves creation of food vacuoles via phagocytosis and breakdown via hydrolytic enzymes in lysosomes

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5
Q

Where is intracellular digestion found

A

In the food vacuoles

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6
Q

What is extra cellular digestion

A

Breakdown of food outside cells

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7
Q

Where does extracellular digestion take place

A

Comportement that is continuous with the outside of the animals body
- in humans, digestive track (mouth to anus is continuous)

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8
Q

In humans, where does the food get absorbed

A

Via capillaries in small intestine

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9
Q

What are the 2 general solutions for the fact that cells need a continuous supply of nutrients and wastes must be eliminated, which imposes limitation to body plan

A
  1. Have a body size and shape such that most cells are in direct contact with the environment (single cell layer)
  2. Have a Circulatory system
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10
Q

When looking at the circulatory system, what is the particularity of diffusion

A
  • rapid only over small distances : unicellular, constant contact with the environnement
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11
Q

What type of animals rely on diffusion

A

Simple animals that lack transport system: rely on diffusion (sponges, jellyfish, small worms

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12
Q

What do larger more complex animals use for circulation instead of diffusion

A

Circulatory systems

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13
Q

What is the advantage of a circularity system

A
  • Have a body size and shape such that most cells are in direct contact with the environment (single cell layer)
  • Have a Circulatory system
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14
Q

What are the 2 types of circulatory systems

A

Opened , closed

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15
Q

What do the vessels look like in open circulatory system

A

Open ends (not closed circuit)

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16
Q

Open circulatory system, what is hemolymph

A

Blood and interstitial fluid indistinguishable  collectively referred to as hemolymph (a mix of both)

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17
Q

Open circulatory system, what is the name of the large spaces filled by the hemolymph

A

Sinuses (will diffuse back to circulatory system)

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18
Q

What animals have open circulatory systems

A
  • arthropods (insects, arachnids)
  • most mollusks
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19
Q

What are the blood vessels like in closed systems

A

Circuit of blood vessels

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20
Q

Do closed circulatorhy systems have hemolymph

A

No, blood district from interstitial fluid (tissue fluid between cells)

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21
Q

What is the tissue fluid between cells called closed system

A

Interstitial fluid

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22
Q

How do animals lacking a circulatory system breath

A
  • rely on diffusion directly with the environment, lack respiratory system
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23
Q

What is a respiratory surface

A

Part of an animals where gases are exchanged with the environment

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24
Q

How does the movement of CO2 and O2 occur across the respiratory surface

A

Diffusion

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25
Q

What are characteristics of respiratory systems

A
  • thin
  • large surface area: maximizing rate gas exchange
  • moist : gases can diffuse rapidly
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26
Q

What are examples of respiratory surfaces

A
  • tracheal system : insects
  • gills
  • lungs
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27
Q

Where did life start ? What is the name of the first protist ancestor, closest relatives to animals ?

A

In the sea, choanoflagellate colony : protist ancestor

28
Q

LEARN MAJOR ANIMAL GROUPS TABLE **

A
29
Q

What are the main animal groups

A
  • sponges (porifora)
  • Hydra, anemones, Jellyfish (Cnidaria)
  • flatworms (Platyhelminthes)
  • roundworms (hematoma)
  • segmented worms (annelida)
  • snails, clam, squid (mollusca)
  • insects, arachnids, crustaceans (Arthropoda)
  • sea stars, sea urchins (echinodermata)
  • vertebrates (chordata)
30
Q

What are the symmetries between the groups

A

Sponges : absent
Hydra, anemones, jellyfish : radial
Rest: bilateral
(Echinodermata = bilateral larvae, radial adults)

31
Q

What is the segmentation between the groups

A

Absent for all expect :
- segmented worms
- insects , arachnids, crustaceans
- vertebrates (reduces)

32
Q

What is the digestive systems between the groups

A

Extracellular for all except sponges, intracellular

33
Q

What is the circulatory system in the diff groups

A

Closed :
- segmented worms
- vertabrates
Open :
- snails, clams, squid
- insects, arachnids, crustaceans
Rest = absent

34
Q

What is the respiratory system for the diff groups

A
  • Snails, clams, squid = gills, lungs
  • insects, archnids, crustaceans = trachea , gills, book lungsd
  • sea stars sea urchins = tube feet, skin gills, respiratory tree
  • vertabrates : gills, lungs
35
Q

What are special characteristics of vertabrates

A
  • dorsal hollow nerve chord : central nervous system
  • notochord
  • pharyngeal gill slits
  • post anal tail
36
Q

What is the notochord in vertabrates

A

A flexible rodlike structure that forms the main support of the body in all chordates during some stage of their development.

37
Q

What are the main vertebrate groups

A

a) Jawless fish: lack jaws, fins and scales, cartilagenous skeleton (ex. lampreys)
b) Cartilagenous fish (sharks and rays)
have jaws and paired fins, mostly cartilagenous skeleton
c) Bony fish have jaws, fins, scales, bony skeleton.(ex. lungfish, sturgeion, salmon)
d) Amphibians (frogs, toads, salamanders) • cold blooded, breathe through moist
scaleless skin
• often in conjunction with gills or lungs
• four limbs.
e) Reptiles (crocodiles, lizards, snakes) cold blooded, dry scaly skin, breathe with lungs
f) Birds have feathers, wings, no teeth, warm blooded.
g) Mammals have mammary glands, hair, warm blooded.

38
Q

What are the possible modes of asexual reproduction in animals

A
  • regeneration : a piece of a parent is detached, it can grow and develop into a completely new individual.
  • budding : New individuals grow out from the parent organism
  • parthenogenesis : Development of an unfertilized egg into adult individual
39
Q

What was the first sexual reproduction adapted for

A

Aquatic habitat

40
Q

What were the first terrestrial vertabrates ?

A
  • amphibians
  • Development of lungs (adults)
  • Gas exchange through skin
  • thin skin, desiccation is a problem, thus
    abundant in damp habitats
  • Developed skeletal structure that prevents the collapse of their bodies
41
Q

How did the first terrestrial vertabrates reproduce

A
  • female releases. Eggs in water, male releases sperm amid the eggs
  • eggs must remain in water or else they will dehydrate
42
Q

Why do invertebrates have rigid exoskeletons

A

Reduces water loss

43
Q

How do invertebrates reproduce

A

Internal fertilization

44
Q

What are spermatophores in insects

A

packages of sperm sealed in
capsules
• prevents the sperm from shriveling / drying up in the air.

45
Q

Reproduction of reptiles and birds

A

Scales and feathers create a waterproof barrier
Efficient lungs for gas exchange
Internal fertilization - Modification where sperm can be deposited directly within female
 no longer need to return to water
Completely independent of water with the formation
of the amniotic egg (shelled egg)
 allows for multiple births (eggs) AWAY from WATER

46
Q

What is the amniotic egg

A

Shelled egg

47
Q

What are the parts of the amniotic egg

A

1) amnion that protects embryo (in a fluid filled sac) from injury and dehydration.
2) Allantois: collects wastes
3) Yolk sac: nutrients
4) chlorion
*look in slide

48
Q

What are the drawbacks of the amniotic egg

A
  • Insufficient protection from predators
    • Cannot survive drastic environmental changes • Ex. extreme cold
49
Q

What are the 3 groups of mammals

A

1) monotremes
2) marsupials
3) eutherians

50
Q

What are animals are in the monotremes group

A

Echidnas and platypus, found only in Australia and New Guinea

51
Q

How do monotremes reproduce

A

Lay egg and mother incubates egg

52
Q

How do Echidna babies feed

A
  • suck milk from pores in mother’s pouch (they have no nipples)
53
Q

What animals are in the marsupials group

A

opossums, kangaroos, and koalas
most (but not all) in Australia & New Guinea

54
Q

How are marsupial youth born

A

have internal development of young.
- However, the young are born prematurely and must be reared in
pouches.
- In the pouch they attach to a nipple and stay there until they are able to forage for themselves

55
Q

How are eutherian youth born

A
  • known as placental mammals
    have internal development of young.
  • However, the young are born prematurely and must be reared in
    pouches.
  • In the pouch they attach to a nipple and stay there until they are able to forage for themselves
56
Q

Name for sponges

A

Perifura

57
Q

Name for hydra, anemone, jelly fish

A

Cnideria

58
Q

Name for insect, arachnid, crustaceans

A

Arthropoda

59
Q

Name for flatworms

A

Platyhelminthes

60
Q

Name roundworm

A

Nematoda

61
Q

Name roundworm

A

Nematoda

62
Q

Name for vertebrates

A

Chordata

63
Q

Name for vertebrates

A

Chordata

64
Q

Name for segmented worms

A

Annelida

65
Q

Name for segmented worms

A

Annelida

66
Q

Name for snails, clam, squid

A

Mollusca

67
Q

Name for sea stars, sea urchins

A

Echinodermara

Biology Exam #2 (23 decks)

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