Funeral Service History Flashcards
After boiling the body of a noble man or soldier who died in a foreign land, the juices were:
Buried
Made into soup
Poured into the river
Taken home in a barrel
Buried
What is the Greek word for coffin?
Anubis
Funeralis
Praeco
Kofinis
Kofinis
What is Natron?
An Egyptian god
A Greek funeral prayer
A Roman burial receptacle
An Egyptian preservative salt
An Egyptian preservative salt
Which of the following was not a responsibility of the sexton during the Middle Ages?
Care for church property
Dig graves
Prepare deceased for burial
Ring bells
Prepare deceased for burial
The Egyptians placed the organs in how many
different canopic jars?
3
4
5
6
4
Which method(s) of disposition did the Romans practice?
Burial
Cremation
Both A & B
None
Both A & B
Mound burial was a custom with the:
Egyptians
Greeks
Romans
Vikings
Vikings
Egyptian embalming was performed by:
Physicians
Priests
Slaves
Women
Priests
Green burials usually include all of the following except:
Biodegradable casket
Embalming with non-toxic chemicals
Natural rock for a headstone
No vault
Embalming with non-toxic chemicals
The functions of early American coffins were all of the following, except:
Help preserve the body
Reduce the spread of disease
Status indication
Utility
Help preserve the body
The device used to carry a coffin or body is called a
Bier
Catafalque
Pall
Torchier
Bier
All of the following were popular coffins/caskets in the 19th century except:
Aluminum
Cloth-covered
Wood
Zeigler case
Aluminum
Part of the reason for organizing a national association was to develop standards for transporting bodies on:
Airplanes
Ships
Trains
Trucks
Trains
Where was the first American crematory built?
Washington, DC
Washington, IL
Washington, PA
Washington state
Washington, PA
According to the NFDA’s Code of Professional Conduct, funeral directors are obligated to serve all but:
The Deceased The Family NFDA OSHA The Public
OSHA
During the Civil War, embalming surgeons and undertakers often worked in all of the following except:
Barns
Cabins
Sheds
Tents
Cabins
Which of the following was not placed in a canopic jar?
Brain Gall Bladder Heart Large Intestine Stomach
Gall Bladder
In Egyptian history, the walled suburb of a major city where embalming was performed was referred to as the
City of Necessity
Metropolis
Mound City
Necropolis
Necropolis
Which culture is associated with the practice of immersing the body of the dead in earthen jars filled with honey or wax?
Babylonians
Ethiopians
Gaunches
Peruvians
Babylonians
The ones who created mummies that were referred to as “Xaxos” were the
Egyptians
Ehtiopians
Gaunches
Peruvians
Gaunches
With which era are the years 30,000 B.C. to 6,000 B.C. associated?
Eolithic Period
Middle Ages
Neolithic Period
Paleolithic Period
Neolithic Period
The earliest assumed state of man was depictive of which era?
Ancient
Eolithic
Medieval
Paleolithic
Eolithic
The term Sarcophagus refers to which of the following?
A burial ceromony
A coffin
A cremation urn
A type of Canopic Jar
A coffin
According to ancient Egyptian history, which of the following numbers approxiamtes the number of years required to complete the journey known as the “Circle of Necessity”
30
300
3,000
30,000
3,000
The one in Egypt known as God of the Underworld and Judge of the Dead was
Herodotus
Horus
Osiris
Ramses the great
Osiris
The year 1628 is associated with which great event in the history of embalming?
Discovery of bacteria
Discovery of blood circulation
Discovery of capillary circulation
Discovery of formaldehyde
Discovery of blood circulation
The most expensive method of Egyptian embalming consisted of five steps, the last of which was
bandaging and anointing
drying the body in the sun
immersion in a natron solution
removal of the brain
bandaging and anointing
According to ancient Egyptian death beliefs, the element of the body which remained with the body in the grave and demanded attention from the living was the
Ba
Ka
Shadow
Yakhu
Ka
Tree burial was associated with which of the following? Ehtiopians North American Indians Persians Peruvians
North American Indians
The years associated with the Medieval Period are
600 A.D. to 1850 A.D.
700 A.D. to 1900 A.D.
6,000 B.C. to 600 A.D.
30,000 B.C. to 6,000 B.C.
600 A.D. to 1850 A.D.
Which of the following cultures were believed to have thrown their dead to hordes of wild dogs?
Aryan Tribes
Balearians
Hindustanies
Mongolians
Mongolians
Which people have been known to have skinned their dead as part of the body perparation procedure?
Baylonians
Egyptians
Gaunches
North American Indians
North American Indians
The “Elysian Fields” death belief is associated with which of the following cultures?
Ancient Egyptians
Ancient Greeks
Ancient Romans
Hebrew
Ancient Greeks
The “Father of Modern Embalming” in the United States is
Auguste Renourd
Dr. Thomas Holmes
Edwin Chadwick
Libitina
Dr. Thomas Holmes
The “Guild of All Souls” was established in
Athens, Greece
Cairo, Egypt
London, England
Paris, France
London, England
The term “Tabona” referred to which of the following?
A form of coffin
A flint stone knife
A god worshipped by an early culture
A type of tomb for burial
A flint stone knife
In discussing the undertaking specialist of ancient Egypt, which one of the following was referred to as the priest?
Apothecary
Designer
Dissector
Kher-heb
Kher-heb
The Egyptians felt that which of the following was the seat of intellect and emotion?
Brain
Heart
Lungs
Soul
Heart
The Ba, Yakhu, The Name, The Heart, The Shadow, and The Ka are elements of the body that were associated with which fo the following cultures?
Egyptians
Greeks
Hebrews
Romans
Egyptians
The Cult of Dionysius is associated with which of the following cultures?
Ancient Egyptians
Ancient Greeks
Ancient Romans
Hebrews
Ancient Greeks
Who was the Greek historian known as the “Father of History”?
Dionysius
Herodotus
King Solomon
Ramses the Great
Herodotus
The “Crier” in Ancient Rome was also referred to as the
Designator
Embalmer
Pollinctores
Praeco
Praeco
Regarding the journey known as the Circle of Necessity, according to the Egyptians, where did this journey lead?
Across the River Styx
Around the world
Down the Nile River
To the Sun and back
To the Sun and back
How often did the inundation of the Nile River occur?
Once a month
Once a year
Once every ten years
Twice a year
Once a year
Libitina and Libitinarius are funeral functionaries identified with which of the following early cultures?
Egyptians
Greeks
Hebrews
Romans
Romans
Which of the following did the Egyptians believe to be the Center of the Universe?
The Amazon River
The Mediterranean Sea
The Nile River
The Sun
The Sun
In discussing early American funerals, inviters to funerals and town undertakers were referred to as
licensed funeral directors
municipal officers
specific layers out of the dead
sextons
municipal officers
A “Sin-eater” was associated with which of the following?
Ancient Egyptians
Ancient Greeks
Ancient Romans
Middle-Ages
Middle-Ages
The Medieval Irish wakes were known for their
anger
mask making
light-hearted practices
sadness
light-hearted practices
Jewish burials were scheduled
at dawn
during the day of death before sundown
during the middle of the night
one hour before dawn
during the day of death before sundown
The Great Plague of London took place in
1491-1492
1664-1665
1764-1765
1865-1866
1664-1665
The placing of various organs in canopic jars and embalming by class distinction was specifically associated with which of the following early civilizations?
Ancient Egyptians
Ancient Greeks
Ancient Romans
Early Christians
Ancient Egyptians
The Egyptian “God of the Dead” was
Anubis
Osiris
Ra
Set
Osiris
The “Designator” in ancient Rome was also referred to as the
Crier
Embalmer
Goddess of Corpses and Funerals
Master of Ceremonies
Master of Ceremonies
Burial Societies were becoming common place during
Ancient Period
Medieval Period
Modern Period
Neolithic Era
Medieval Period
The first people to dress their dead in white clothing were the
Christians
Egyptians
Greeks
Romans
Christians
The use of an “effigy” became popularized during
You Answered
early America
classical antiquity
late 19th century
the Middle-Ages
the Middle-Ages
The term used by the Jewish people to represent the flesh was
Basar
Charon
Chevrah Kadisha
Nefesh
Basar
The Great Plague of London took place during the
classical antiquity
early 19th century
Middle-Ages
middle 20th century
Middle-Ages
The person who was responsible for bringing the European embalming techniques to the U.S was
Harlan
Hofmann
Penberthy
Worsham
Harlan
Durign the Middle Ages, a waxed death mask was referred to as a(n)
catacomb
door badge
effigy
evil spirit
effigy
The “Cult of Osiris” is indentified with which early civilization?
Ancient Egyptians
Ancient Greeks
Ancient Romans
Hebrews
Ancient Egyptians
The most common form of disposition for the early Scandinavians was
cave burial
cremation
dissection
earth burial
cremation
One of the countries which made mask making very popular in replacing the body during the long periods the body was lying in state was
England
Germany
Ireland
Scotland
England
Which of the following is not rue of the Ancient Jewish funeral?
Embalming was not practiced
In the beginning they didn’t use caskets or outer containers
The women always prepared the dead bodies
They did not practice cremation
The women always prepared the dead bodies
The “Kiss of Peace” represented a major break in tradition between the Christians and the
Greeks
Jews
Northern Europeans
Romans
Jews
Another name for the Dark Ages was
Ancient Period
Eolithic Ages
Middle Ages
Neolithic Ages
Middle Ages
Burial trends during the Middle Ages were greatly influenced by the
church
death beliefs
king
public
church
The period of time when the Egyptians were embalming bodies was
Ancient
Neolithic
Medieval
Paleolithic
Ancient
The name of the Jewish grave that was covered with a stone slab is
Chamber
Mausoleum
Pyramid
Sunken
Sunken
Which of the following individuals involved in the Egyptian embalming process was the most prominent?
Apothecary
Chief Embalmer
Dissector
Priest
Priest
The country that practiced “Communion of the Dead” was
Germany
Ireland
Scotland
Both B & C
Both B & C
The first Christian ruler of Rome was
Alexander
Constantine
Horus
Nero
Constantine
Which of the following is not part of a Roman Committal Service?
Burial mass celebrated at the grave site
Casting earth upon the remains by the family of the deceased
Dedication of the burial grounds
Purification of the family and friends by washing of the hands
Burial mass celebrated at the grave site
Constantine’s Sumptuary Laws
guaranteed a funeral service for everyone
permitted burial within the walls of Rome
regulated the cost of a Roman funeral
was a body of mortuary laws
was a body of mortuary laws
The focal point of a Roman Funeral Procession was the
Freedmen
Jesters
Singers
Torch bearer
Torch bearer
Which of the following does not have any significance in the Greek Burial practices and customs?
An Obol
Cerberus
Charon
God’s Little Acre
God’s Little Acre
The name of the place of Greek afterlife was
Commune Sepulchrum
Hades
Sheol
Valhalla
Hades
In the mythological concepts of the Greek Afterlife, the Greeks prepared the body to go to
Commune Sepulchrum
Hades
Sheol
Valhalla
Hades
Of the following individuals involved in the Egyptian embalming process, the person who marked the length of the incision with a charcoal pencil was the
Chief Embalmer
Physician
Scribe
Surgeon
Scribe
Early Scandinavians referred to Valhalla as
Hades
Land of the Dead
Land of the Sea
Nothingness
Land of the Dead
The percentage of Egyptians prepared by the inexpensive method of embalming was
2%
10%
18%
80%
80%
The Roman "Head Undertaker" was referred to as the Designator Libitinarius Pollinctores Praeco
Libitinarius
Which of the following was not part of an Egyptian Funeral procession?
Jesters
Professional mourners
Religious representatives
The body placed on a sled which was drawn by oxen
Jesters
Of the following individuals involved in the Egyptian embalming process, who was in charge of the funeral procession of an influential Egyptian?
Chief Embalmer
Physician
Scribe
Surgeon
Physician
Many historians credit the Greeks as the first to use
burial containers
cremation
oxen to pull the bier
the wheel
cremation
The deceased Hebrews were dressed in
all white burial clothing
clothing which signified their station in life
their best attire
a toga
their best attire
Who discovered formaldehyde in 1868?
Barnes
Bellows
Hofmann
Holmes
Hofmann
The Jewish people believed the individual was made up of two elements which were
Charon and Cerberus
Horus and Isis
Nefesh and Basar
Styx and Journey
Nefesh and Basar
Who usually had their funeral procession during the night?
Christians
Greeks
Romans
Scandinavians
Romans
The people who dressed their dead in togas were the
Christians
Greeks
Romans
Sigma Phi Sigma Fraternity
Romans
The person who had Gannal’s book published in the United States was
Harlan
Harvey
Leeuwenhoek
Malpighi
Harlan
The people who cremated their dead with all of their worldly possessions were the
Christians
Greeks
Northern Europeans
Romans
Northern Europeans
The Sun worshipers believed people were developed from how many elements?
2
3
4
6
6
The deity who is known as “God of the Underworld” is
Annubis
Horus
Isis
Osiris
Osiris
Jewish funeral customs were noted for their
desire to thoroughly preserve the body
simplicity
traditional respect for their burial ground
utilization of cremation
simplicity
The Necropolis was the
City of the Dead
Land of the Cemeteries and Crypts
Worship place for Sun Worshipers
Worship place for the Cult of Osiris
City of the Dead
The Egyptian coffin which gained popularity because of the influence of Osiris was called the
anthropoid
earthenware
portrait
sarcophagus
anthropoid
The individual designated to eviscerate and wash the Egyptian remains was
The Apothecary
The Scribe
The Surgeon
None of these
None of these
Who was the wicked brother of Osiris?
Anubis
Ba
Ka
Set
Set
The Jewish religious sect which has a very strict viewpoint of their religious policies and procedures are the
Conservative
Orthodox
Progressive
Reformed
Orthodox
Egyptian burial receptacles which were large, massive and rectangular in shape where what type of casket?
Anthropoid
Earthenware
Sarcophagus
Wooden
Sarcophagus
The injection of cedar oil into the abdomen of the body was utilized in the medium priced method of Egyptian embalming, causing the organs in the cavity to
be dissolved
be sterilized
become hard
have an adequate amount of preservative
be dissolved
The civilization of people whose faith necessitated burial of the deceased by sundown on the day of death was the
Africans
Egyptians
Greeks
Hebrews
Hebrews
What approximate percentage of the Egyptian populace were prepared by the expensive method of embalming?
2%
10%
18%
50%
2%
The most desirable mode of disposition for the Egyptians was
burial at sea
cremation
earth burial
entombment
entombment
The canopic jars which housed the organs of deceased Egyptians were named after the four sons of
Horus
Isis
Osiris
Set
Horus
Which of the following was not a consideration in the development of coffins and burial cases?
Desire for complete protection
Emphasis on increased utility
Importance on preservation of the deceased
Improvement in style and composition
Importance on preservation of the deceased
Which of the following is not part of the expensive Egyptian embalming method?
Drying in open sunlight
Evisceration through the abdominal incision
Immersion in molten asphalt
Removal of the brain throught the ear or nostril passage
Immersion in molten asphalt
Which of the following was not a consideration with the introduction of the metallic burial casket?
Changes in various designs
Emphasis on preservation of the dead
Introduction of the ogee design
Ounces per square foot
Ounces per square foot
The individual involved in embalming the Egyptian dead whos functions were embalming and wrapping of the remains was the
Apothecary
Dissector
Pharmacist
Surgeon
Surgeon
Which of the following was not a major influece in the development of chemical embalming?
A longer viewing period
Air tight receptacles
Element of disinfection
The Civil War
Air tight receptacles
The individual involved in embalming the Egyptian dead whose function was to annoint the body with necessary oils, spices and ointments was the
Anatomist
Apothecary Servant
Dissector
Scribe
Apothecary Servant
Early methods of transporting the body included all but which of the following?
Bearers
Biers
Horse-drawn carts
Limousines
Limousines
The most noted impact the Egyptian coffins had on another civilization was with the
Greeks
Hebrews
Jews
Romans
Romans
During the 19th century, various chemical manufactures were influential in the development of mortuary education and the rising prevalence of embalming. Among the services which those companies offered the undertaker included all but which of the following:
merchandising techniques for use in the casket room
training in the proper use of embalming chemicals
training sessions to up-date the embalmer in the latest chemical developments
traveling salesmen to promote their products
merchandising techniques for use in the casket room
Which of the following came first?
Formulation of definite religious beliefs
Formulation of government
Funeral customs
Treatment of disease
Funeral customs
Which of the following is associated with the introduction and developmnet of early funeral transportation?
A. Johnson Dodge
Auguste Renouard
Crane & Breed
Dr. Richard Harlan
Crane & Breed
With the introduction of coffins and early funeral goods, which of the following were primarily pursuing the undertaking profession?
Craftsman
Survivors
The Clergy
The Doctors
Craftsman
Who is credited with the introduction of cremation?
Americans
Egyptians
Greeks
Romans
Greeks
As casket manufacturers became more sophisticated in their merchandise, which of the following was an attitudinal change which was reflected in their products?
From ferrous to non-ferrous
From six sides to four sides
From softwood to hardwood
More aesthetic luxury
More aesthetic luxury
Dionysius was recognized as
“The god of spirit”
“The god of song”
“The god of wine”
“The goddess of corpses”
“The god of wine”
The Burial in Woolen Act took place in what year?
1666
1676
1839
1843
1666
The “Conclamatio Mortis” is identified with which of the following?
An ancient Greek civilization
Egyptian embalmers
The calling out of the dead
The “god of the underworld”
The calling out of the dead
In ancient Egypt, the priest was also referred to as the
Apothecary
Basar
Kher-heb
Nefesh
Kher-heb
Who is credited with receiving one, if not the first patent, in regards to life preserving coffins?
Almond D. Fisk
Christian Eisenbrandt
Edwin Chadwick
J.R. Barnes
Christian Eisenbrandt
Edwin Chadwick is associated with which of the following?
Early inventor of life preserving coffins
Independent heart burial
Investigator of mass corruption in regards to English practices
Modern embalming
Investigator of mass corruption in regards to English practices
A waxed death mask of nobility was referred to as a(n)
barbe
cap
effigy
sin-eater
effigy
The wake during the Middle Ages was also referred to as the
feudal feast
independent bone burial
Purgatorial Doctrine
vigil for the dead
vigil for the dead
A social development in the Middle Ages whereby the bodies of the noble were seperated and the bones were brought back to their home in a chest describes
feudal funerals
funeral ostentation
independent bone burial
none of these
independent bone burial
Which funeral functionary in ancient Rome was identified as the “crier”?
Anatomist
Designator
Libitinarius
Praeco
Praeco
Receptacles that were patented in the early 19th century but which gained no popular appeal were referred to as
Also-rans
cloth covered caskets
fisk metallic coffins
metallic burial cases
Also-rans
One of the first coffin shop/warehouses was started in New York by which of the following?
A.C. Barstow
Christian Eisenbrandt
John L. Dillon
Robert Frederick
John L. Dillon
In ancient Rome, this early death belief said that the body and soul were composed of atoms which simply disintergrated at death. Who is repsonsible for influencing this belief?
Constantine
Epicurus
Hapi
Osiris
Epicurus
The “god of the underworld” is recognized with which of the following?
Dionysius
Elysian Fields
Osiris
Tuamutef
Osiris
In early American undertaking, inviters to funerals were considered to be
designers of metallic recptacles
embalmers
municipal officers
sextons
municipal officers
Which of the following is not considered to be an influential person in the development of embalming schools?
A. Johnson Dodge
Auguste Renourd
Edwin Chadwick
Joseph H. Clark
Edwin Chadwick
Which of the following received one of the first patents for a corpse cooler/cooling board during the 19th century?
A.C. Barstow
Almond D. Fisk
J.R. Barnes
Robert Frederick and C.A. Trump
Robert Frederick and C.A. Trump
Which of the following is NOT a reason why “Auto Funerals” would be slow in being accepted?
Auto hearses could travel no faster than a horse-drawn hearse
Auto hearses were less costly than the traditional horse-drawn hearse
People believed the auto hearse was a way of rushing the deceased to the grave
Upkeep on auto hearses was expensive
Auto hearses were less costly than the traditional horse-drawn hearse
Where did burial and/or entombment take place in ancient Rome?
In the streets of Rome
Inside the walls of Rome
On family lands
Outside the walls of Rome
Outside the walls of Rome
Which of the following is known for featuring a horse drawn hearse at the Chicago World’s Fair in 1893 that resembled a church-like design and which weighed 2400 pounds?
Crane and Breed
Fred Hulberg
Hudson Sampson
Fred Hulberg
Crane and Breed
The Egyptian undertaking specialist whose job included making medicines and annointing the body of the deceased was referred to as the
Anatomist
Apothecary
Embalmer
Surgeon
Apothecary
“The goddess of corpses and funerals” is recognized as
Epicurus
Libitina
Libitinarius
Praeco
Libitina
In discussing ancient Rome culture, “The Designator” was also referred to as the
Crier
Embalmer
Master of Ceremonies
Priest
Master of Ceremonies
The “Head Undertaker” in ancient Rome was referred to as the
Anatomist
Designator
Kher-heb
Libitinarius
Libitinarius
By virtue of technical skill and knowledge which of the following individuals, in particular, was qualified to fulfill the role as coroner in early America?
Cabinet-makers
Inviter to funerals
Town undertakers
Under-bearers
Town undertakers
M.H. Crane and J.R. Barnes acquired the manufacturing rights from Fisk in what year?
1848
1853
1889
1907
1853
Which of the following recptacles was used for ex-president Grant?
Style “E” State Casket
The Fisk
The Fisk Mummy Case
Zinc “Shoulder” Casket
Style “E” State Casket
In discussing metallic burial caskets, the ogee design served what purpose?
It added additional weight
It reduced the excess space
It reduced the excess weight
B & C only
B & C only
The individual to receive the first American patent for a metallic coffin was
A.C. Barstow
Almond D. Fisk
James A Gray
John L. Dillon
James A Gray
In discussing Edwin Chadwick’s report, what did he recommend
All cemeteries be municipalized
Cremation instead of burial
Religious rites be simplified and standardized
A and C Only
All cemeteries be municipalized
What was the effect on cemeteries in regards to the Great Plague of London?
Cemeteries were overcrowded
Everyone was cremated
There was a great amount of spce available in the cemeteries
None of the above
Cemeteries were overcrowded
During the late Middle Ages, who began experimenting with embalming?
The Anatomist
The Sexton
The Surgeon
Both A and C
Both A and C
What was the long pleated garment worn by a widow during the Middle Ages?
A Barbe
A Basar
A Bonnet
A Cap
A Barbe
Which of these individuals criticized the use of common preservatives such as arsenic in regards to embalming?
Dr. Richard Harlan
Dr. Thomas Holmes
J. Anthony Gaussardia
James A Gray
Dr. Thomas Holmes
The first secular funeral director in the western world was
Kher-heb
Libitina
Libitinarius
Praecio
Libitinarius
Cremation first gained widespread acceptance and practice in
ancient Greece
ancient Rome
Israel
Scandinavian countries
ancient Greece
The Roman funeral was typically carried out by
public officials and paid secular functionaries
military legions
the church
the family
public officials and paid secular functionaries
To keep down the cost of funerals in the Middle Ages, people often formed
burial clubs
church groups
insurance associations
memorial societies
burial clubs
The man genrally credited with the term “Father of Bacteriology” was
Anthony von Leewenhoek
Gabrial Clauderus
Frederick Ruysch
Marcello Malpighi
Anthony von Leewenhoek
A man named Chadwick issued a landmark report and supplement after three years of study (1839-42). The report discussed
the development of allied health studies in universities
the deplorable conditions in English cemeteries
the rise of medical schools around 1800
unsanitary conditions in American cities
the deplorable conditions in English cemeteries
The man who translated Jean Gannal’s history of embalming in 1834 and thereby made embalming available to the American public was
Dr. Richard Harlan
Dr. Thomas Holmes
John Hunter
William Hunter
Dr. Richard Harlan
An above ground structure containing crypts for casketed remains is a
canopy
chapel
columbarium
mausoleum
mausoleum
The agency responsible for production, administration and integrity of the National Board Examination is the
American Board of Funeral Service Education
International Conference of Funeral Service Examining Boards
National Foundation of Funeral Service
National Funeral Directors Association
International Conference of Funeral Service
The first major attempt to establish requirements, tests and licenses for embalmers in the United States was
state board examinations
the Burial in Woolen Act
the National Board of Funeral Examination
the Order Concerning Embalmers
the Order Concerning Embalmers
The author of The Undertaker’s Manual , the first book published specifically as an embalming textbook in the United States, was
Dr. Auguste Renouard
Dr. Thomas Holmes
Mr. John Hunter
Mr. William Hunter
Dr. Auguste Renouard
In Egyptian emblaming practice, canopic jars were used to store
appendages
food
infants
viscera
viscera
In ancient Egypt, to prepare a body for burial, it was immersed in
crude oil
fish oil
natron
olive oil
natron
Dr. Thomas Holmes is credited with the 19th century development of
cooling boards
chemical embalming
life signals
the Fisk metallic coffin
chemical embalming
The agency charged with developing curriculum and accreditation standards for funeral service educational programs in the United States is the
American Board of Funeral Service Education
National Foundation of Funeral Service Education
National Funeral Directors Association
University Mortuary Science Education Association
American Board of Funeral Service Education
