Chemistry Flashcards by Joshua Margolis

What is the study of those types of matter and changes in matter related to the disinfection and preservation of human remains?

Biochemistry
Embalming Chemistry
General Chemistry
Organic Chemistry

Embalming Chemistry

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What is a physical change of state during which a substance changes directly from a solid to a gas?

Crystallization
Evaporation
Solidification
Sublimation

Sublimation

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What is a molecular species with a positive or negative electrical charge?

Acid
Element
Ion
Oxide

Ion

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Hydrolysis is an example of:

Double replacement reaction
Neutralization
Single replacement reaction
Synthesis

Double replacement reaction

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Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding oxidation?

The addition of electrons to a susbstance
The addition of oxygen to a substance
The increase in oxidation number of a substance
The removal of hydrogen from a substance

The addition of electrons to a susbstance

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What is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances able to pass through a semi-permeable membrane?

Concentrated solution
Hypotonic solution
Suspension
True solution

True solution

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Which of the following is NOT true regarding pH embalming applications?

After death the pH of the blood turns slightly basic to slightly acidic
As decomposition products accumulate the blood turns back to basic
Formaldehyde action is pH dependent…functioning most effectively at slightly acidic pH levels
Typical buffers in embalming fluids include borax, sodium phosphates and citrates

Formaldehyde action is pH dependent…functioning most effectively at slightly acidic pH levels

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The possession by two or more distinct compounds of the same molecular formula, each molecule having the same number of atoms of each element, but in different arrangments is:

An Allotrope
An Isomer
An Isotrope
A Polymer

Correct!

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Carbon has a combining capacity of:

1
2
3
4

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What is an organic compound containing one or more hydroxyl (-OH) groups?

Alcohol
Ester
Ether
Ketone

Alcohol

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What are ethers in which two hydrocarbon groups are identical or symmetrical?

Compound ethers
Isoethers
Simpe ethers
Symmetrical ethers

Simpe ethers

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Methanal is:

Another name for formaldehyde
Line formula CH2O
The simplest aldehyde
All of the above

All of the above

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What is the general formula for carboxylic acids?

R-CO-R
R-COO-R
R-COOH
R-OR

R-COOH

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What is a compound formed from an alcohol and an organic acid by removal of water (dehydration)?

Aldehyde
Amide
Amine
Ester

Ester

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Quaternary Ammonium compounds are classified as:

Alcohol
Aldehyde
Amine
Carboxylic acids

Amine

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What is any compound derived from ammonia by substitution of a carbonyl group (C=O) for hydrogen, or from an organic acid by replacing the (-OH) group of the carboxyl group with an amino acid group (-NH2)?

Aldehyde
Amide
Carboxylic acid
Ketone

Amide

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What are organic compounds containing an amino group, a carboxylic acid group and any of various side groups?

Amino acids
Carboxylic acids
Enzymes
Substrates

Amino acids

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What is the substance upon which an enzyme acts in a biochemical reaction?

Carbohydrate
Lipid
Polysaccharide
Substrate

Substrate

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Which of the following is a compound of hydrogen, carbon and oxygen that is an aldehyde or ketone derivative of polyhydroxl alcohol?

Carbohydrate
Ketonaldehyde
Lipid
Protein

Carbohydrate

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What are solutions used to inactivate the active chemical groups of proteins and amino acids?

Germicides
Preservatives
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds
Sanitizers

Preservatives

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Which of the following statements is NOT true?

Decomposition limits the amount of tissue available for preservation.
Preservative chemicals activate substrates which act upon certain decomposition-retarding proteins.
Preservative chemicals can inhibit but not reverse decomposition.
When it comes to embalming, the sooner the better.

Preservative chemicals activate substrates which act upon certain decomposition-retarding proteins.

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Putrescine, cadaverine, indole, and skatole are considered malodorous:

Amines
Aromatic Alkenes
Carboxylic acids
Ketones

Amines

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Methanol:

Acts as an anticoagulant
Is an anti-polymerizing agent in embalming fluid
Is another name for formaldehyde
Is an effective water conditioner

Is an anti-polymerizing agent in embalming fluid

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Most formaldehyde in water is in the form of:

Formalin
Methanal
Methylene glycol
Paraformaldehyde

Methylene glycol

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Which of the following statements is false with regard to formaldehyde action on proteins? The resistance to digestion by enzymes is increased. The resistance to deformation by external forces is increased making the tissues firmer. The viscosity is decreased. The water sensitivity (hydrolysis) and water solubility are decreased.

The viscosity is decreased.

The movement of fluid from the point of injection to the tissues is termed: Dialysis Diffusion Distribution Osmosis

Distribution

What is the searing and sealing of capillaries in the tissues by an astringent fluid? Dialysis Osmosis Tissue fixation Walling Off

Walling Off

Which of the following statements is true concerning adipose tissue? Adipose tissue is a prime target of formaldehyde due to its high concentration of nitrogen Adipose tissue is a significant contiributor to secondary dilution Formaldehyde has very little effect on the adipose tissue, but rather works on the protein rich matrix in which fat is embedded All of the above

Formaldehyde has very little effect on the adipose tissue, but rather works on the protein rich matrix in which fat is embedded

Which of the following is NOT a common preservative found in arterial solutions? Aldehydes Alcohols Methanol Methyl Salicylate

Methyl Salicylate

Surface-active agents that are generally used for disinfection of skin, oral and nasal cavities, as well as instruments are: Aldehydes Humectants Quaternary Ammonium Compounds Surfactants

Quaternary Ammonium Compounds

Glycerol, sorbitol and glycol are: Anticoagulants Buffers Humectants Surfactants

Humectants

Which of the following is also considered a water conditioning agent due to its ability to reduce water hardness? Anticoagulants Buffers Deodorants Surfactants

Anticoagulants

Which of the following is NOT a historical deodorant? Benzaldehyde Eosine Methyl Salicylate Oil of Sassafras

Eosine

Which of the following is NOT a key embalming fluid vehicle? Glycerine Lauryl sulfate Methanol Water

Lauryl sulfate

Which of the following is NOT typically a component of cavity fluid? Modifying agents Preservatives Surfactants Vehicles

Modifying agents

Sulfonates and sodium lauryl sulfate are most closely associated with: Dyes Modifying agents Preservatives Surfactants

Surfactants

Which of the following is an accessory fluid? Anticoagulant pre-injection fluid Co-injection fluid for edema Co-injection fluid for emaciation All of the above

All of the above

Jaundice fluids are known for all of the following with one noteable exception...which one is it? High bleaching quality Hypertonic solution Low or medium formaldehyde index Staining dyes

Hypertonic solution

Which of the following have the same chemical content as cavity chemicals but are easier to apply and adhere to cavity walls? Cauterizing agents Embalming gels Hardening compounds Sealing agents

Embalming gels

Paraformaldehyde, Aluminum Chloride and Alum are key ingredients in: Cauterizing agents Embalming gels Hardening compounds Sealing agents

Hardening compounds

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the shelf life of embalming fluids? Average shelf life is approximately 10 years due to polymerization Elevated temperature causes formaldehyde to convert to formic acid and causes decomposition of other disinfectants Exposure to light may cause fluids to change color due to oxidation Strong alkaline solutions cause decompositionof formaldehyde; acidic solutions promote polymerization

Average shelf life is approximately 10 years due to polymerization

Pre-injection and co-injection fluids often contain all but which of the following? Anticoagulants Humectants Preservatives Surfactants

Preservatives

Which of the following is not used as a dye in embalming fluid? Amaranth Eosine Erythrosine Sassafras

Sassafras

Sodium citrate and sodium salt of EDTA are utilized as: Anticoagulants Deodorants Humectants Surfactants

Anticoagulants

Which of the following is NOT a danger when using formaldehyde? Highly irritating to the upper respiratory tract and eyes; may cause difficulty in breathing, burning of the nose and throat, cough and heavy tearing of the eyes Ingestion causes severe irritation and inflammation of the mouth, throat and stomach Mixing with sodium hypchlorite resuls in chlorine gas, formic acid, hydrochloric fumes chlorine oxides and possibly other hazardous by-products Though highly irritating in the short term, there are few dangers of chronic over-exposure

Though highly irritating in the short term, there are few dangers of chronic over-exposure

Which of the following is also called benzenol, carbolic acid, hydroxybenzene, monohydroxybenzene, monophenol and oxybenzene? Dimethylformamide Ethylene glycol Paraformaldehyde Phenol

Phenol

Quarternary Ammonium Compounds: Are found in disinfectants, cavity and accessory embalming fluids Are highly toxic via inhalation Are skin and eye irritants A and C but not necessarily B

A and C but not necessarily B

An effective preservative and disinfectant is: Formic acid Glutaraldehyde Methyl ethyl ketone Toluene

Glutaraldehyde

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding paraformaldehyde? A moderate fire risk and can react with oxidizers A severe skin irritant and sensitizer Can produce formaldehyde when heated Found in embalming powders, sealing powders, cavity dessicants and hardening compounds

A severe skin irritant and sensitizer

A liquid containing a dissolved substance or substances is a(n): Acid Nitrite Salt Solution

Solution

What is formed from the partial oxidation of a primary alcohol? Aldehyde Ester Ether Ketone

Aldehyde

What is one class of complex compounds that occurs naturally in plants and animals and yields amino acids when hydrolyzed? Carbohydrates Fats Protein Wax

Protein

Eosine, ponceau red, and erythrosine are examples of: Buffers Deodorants Dyes Vehicles

Dyes

What is a poison of organic origin? Arsenic Lead Mercury Toxin

Toxin

What is a substance that prevents infection by killing bacteria? Disinfectant Salt Soap Water

Disinfectant

How many oxygen atoms are in the formula 2Al(OH)3? 1 2 3 6

A 40% by volume solution of formaldehyde is called: Ethanol Formalin Methanol Tincture

Formalin

What is the chemical group that makes an alcohol molecule soluble in water useful to the embalmer? - CO3 - NH3 - OH - PO4

-OH

Quaternary Ammonium compounds are widely used as: Buffers Dyes Germicides Preservatives

Germicides

What is the proper way to neutralize a formaldehyde spill according to OSHA? Add ammonia then wipe up Clean up with soap and water Dilute with water Use a wet vacuum

Add ammonia then wipe up

Formaldehyde is an ingredient of embalming fluid used to: Mask odors Preserve tissue Prevent coagulation Retain water

Mask odors

Which of the following is an amine produced during putrefaction? Glycine Methanal Putrescine Urotropin

Putrescine

Formaldehyde in a dry powdered form is also known as: Alum Paraformaldehyde Perlite Urotropin

Paraformaldehyde

What is the smallest particle of matter that enters into a chemical reaction? ``` An atom A molecule A neutron You Answered A proton ```

An atom

A gram is equivalent to 1000: Centigrams Decigrams Micrograms Milligrams

Milligrams

What is a substance that is capable of bringing about a reduction in the surface tension of a fluid? An acid A buffer A humectant A surfactant

A surfactant

Which of the following are properties of formaldehyde? 1. It is a colorless gas 2. It is quite soluble in water 3. It combines with water to form methylene glycol 4. It is easily oxidized to form acetic acid 1, 2 and 3 1, 2 and 4 1, 3 and 4 2, 3 and 4

1, 2 and 3

What is the structural formula of formaldehyde? CH3OH CH3COOH H-CHO H-COOH

H-CHO

Formaldehyde reacts with ammonia to form: Glyoxal Paraformaldehyde Urea Urotropin

Urotropin

In comparing cavity fluid to arterial fluid, the cavity fluid will have: A lower index No active dyes No modifying agents No surfactants or vehicles

No active dyes

Polymerization of formaldehyde is inhibited by the addition of: Aluminum chloride Distilled water Magnesium chloride Methyl alcohol

Methyl alcohol

Deodorants are used in embalming fluids as: Disinfectants Humectants Masking agents Wetting agents

Masking agents

Phenol is used in embalming fluids as a: Buffer Humectant Preservative Surfactant

Preservative

Sodium citrate is used in embalming fluids as a(n): Anticoagulant Humectant Preservative Surfactant

Anticoagulant

Which of the following would be an example of a chemical change? Condensation Cremation Evaporation Solvation

Cremation

What is the mass of a solid or liquid divided by mass of an equal volume of water? Combustibility Density Solubility Specific gravity

Specific gravity

What is the atomic symbol for copper? C Co Cp Cu

The atomic number is most closely related: Electrons Neutrons Protons A, B and C combined

Protons

What type of bond is formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms? Covalent Ionic Oxidation Physical

Covalent

The removal of hydrogen from a substance is generally referred to as: De-hydrolysis Hydrogenation Oxidation Reduction

Oxidation

Which of the folloiwng statements is false regarding hard water and embalming? 1. Diluting embalming fluid in very hard water should be avoided. 2. Hard water, particularly the presence of ionized calcium salts, promotes blood coagulation and interferes with fluid distribution, diffusion and drainage. 3. Most fluid manufacturers have incorporated water softeners or anti-coagulants to treat hard water and to minimize its harmful effects on the embalming process. 1 2 3 None of the statements are false

None of the statements are false

What component of a solution is in the lesser amount? Colloid Solute Solvent Suspension

Solute

What is the movement of molecules or other particles in a solution from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration? Diffusion Distribution Osmosis Solubility

Diffusion

Ionic compounds resulting from the neutralization reaction of an acid and a base are: Anhydrates Anions Cations Salts

Salts

What is a compound in which there is a chemical union between water and certain substances when they crystallize? Anhydride Hydrate Hydrolyte Salt

Hydrate

In addition to Carbon, which three other atoms are most common in organic chemistry? Hydrogen, Oxygen and Calcium Oxygen, Hydrogen and Nitrogen Potassium, Nitrogen and Hydrogen Sodium, Hydrogen and Oxygen

Oxygen, Hydrogen and Nitrogen

Which of the following is distinguished by a hydroxyl functional group (-OH) bound to a Carbon atom? Alcohols Alkenes Amines Ethers

Alcohols

Which of the following is NOT a function of ethyl alcohol in the embalming process? Humectant Preservative Solvent To decrease the freezing point of the fluid

Humectant

Which of the following has a general formula of ROR'? Aldehydes Esters Ethers Ketones

Ethers

Formalin is a fully saturated aqueous solution containing: 1. 5% formaldehyde by volume and 15% by mass 2. 15% formaldehyde by volume and 5% by mass 3. 37% formaldehyde by mass and 40% by volume 4. 37% formaldehyde by volume and 40% by mass 1 2 3 4

What is formaldehyde in an aqueous solution called? Methanol Methenamine Methylene glycol Paraformaldehyde

Methylene glycol

Formaldehyde polymerizes into: Methanol Methenamine Methylene glycol Paraformaldehyde

Paraformaldehyde

Which of the following is often referred to as "Oil of Wintergreen"? Acetic Acid Ethyl Acetate Methyl Salicylate Salicylic Acid

Methyl Salicylate

What is an abundant, widespread class of natural organic compounds which includes sugars, starch and cellulose? Carbohydrates Nucleic acids Phospholipids Proteins

Carbohydrates

What is the swelling and softening of tissues and organs as a result of absorbing moisture from adjacent sources? Autolysis Denaturation Fermentation Imbibition

Imbibition

Which of the following is not a substrate? Lipase Protease Nucleotide Trypsin

Nucleotide

Which of the following is NOT an example of protein putrefaction? Deamination Decarboxylation Denaturation Hydrolysis

Denaturation

What are two monosaccharides combined by undergoing condensation involving the elimination of water from their functional groups? Aldohexose Disaccharide Hexose Polysaccharide

Disaccharide

What is an ATP-generating, exothermic reaction also known as oxidative decarboxylation? Fermentation Hydrolysis Kreb's Cycle Photosynthesis

Kreb's Cycle

Which of the following MIGHT be responsible for rigor's natural release? Production of ATP Protein decomposition Production of calcium-bound troponin All of the above

All of the above

What is a wax-like material produced by saponification of body fat in a body buried in alkaline soil? Adipocere Grave Wax Plastination Both A and B

Both A and B