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NBE Examine Review > Chemistry > Flashcards

Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is the study of those types of matter and changes in matter related to the disinfection and preservation of human remains?

Biochemistry
Embalming Chemistry
General Chemistry
Organic Chemistry

A

Embalming Chemistry

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2
Q

What is a physical change of state during which a substance changes directly from a solid to a gas?

Crystallization
Evaporation
Solidification
Sublimation

A

Sublimation

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3
Q

What is a molecular species with a positive or negative electrical charge?

Acid
Element
Ion
Oxide

A

Ion

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4
Q

Hydrolysis is an example of:

Double replacement reaction
Neutralization
Single replacement reaction
Synthesis

A

Double replacement reaction

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5
Q

Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding oxidation?

The addition of electrons to a susbstance
The addition of oxygen to a substance
The increase in oxidation number of a substance
The removal of hydrogen from a substance

A

The addition of electrons to a susbstance

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6
Q

What is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances able to pass through a semi-permeable membrane?

Concentrated solution
Hypotonic solution
Suspension
True solution

A

True solution

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7
Q

Which of the following is NOT true regarding pH embalming applications?

After death the pH of the blood turns slightly basic to slightly acidic
As decomposition products accumulate the blood turns back to basic
Formaldehyde action is pH dependent…functioning most effectively at slightly acidic pH levels
Typical buffers in embalming fluids include borax, sodium phosphates and citrates

A

Formaldehyde action is pH dependent…functioning most effectively at slightly acidic pH levels

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8
Q

The possession by two or more distinct compounds of the same molecular formula, each molecule having the same number of atoms of each element, but in different arrangments is:

An Allotrope
An Isomer
An Isotrope
A Polymer

A

Correct!

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9
Q

Carbon has a combining capacity of:

1
2
3
4

A

4

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10
Q

What is an organic compound containing one or more hydroxyl (-OH) groups?

Alcohol
Ester
Ether
Ketone

A

Alcohol

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11
Q

What are ethers in which two hydrocarbon groups are identical or symmetrical?

Compound ethers
Isoethers
Simpe ethers
Symmetrical ethers

A

Simpe ethers

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12
Q

Methanal is:

Another name for formaldehyde
Line formula CH2O
The simplest aldehyde
All of the above

A

All of the above

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13
Q

What is the general formula for carboxylic acids?

R-CO-R
R-COO-R
R-COOH
R-OR

A

R-COOH

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14
Q

What is a compound formed from an alcohol and an organic acid by removal of water (dehydration)?

Aldehyde
Amide
Amine
Ester

A

Ester

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15
Q

Quaternary Ammonium compounds are classified as:

Alcohol
Aldehyde
Amine
Carboxylic acids

A

Amine

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16
Q

What is any compound derived from ammonia by substitution of a carbonyl group (C=O) for hydrogen, or from an organic acid by replacing the (-OH) group of the carboxyl group with an amino acid group (-NH2)?

Aldehyde
Amide
Carboxylic acid
Ketone

A

Amide

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17
Q

What are organic compounds containing an amino group, a carboxylic acid group and any of various side groups?

Amino acids
Carboxylic acids
Enzymes
Substrates

A

Amino acids

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18
Q

What is the substance upon which an enzyme acts in a biochemical reaction?

Carbohydrate
Lipid
Polysaccharide
Substrate

A

Substrate

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19
Q

Which of the following is a compound of hydrogen, carbon and oxygen that is an aldehyde or ketone derivative of polyhydroxl alcohol?

Carbohydrate
Ketonaldehyde
Lipid
Protein

A

Carbohydrate

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20
Q

What are solutions used to inactivate the active chemical groups of proteins and amino acids?

Germicides
Preservatives
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds
Sanitizers

A

Preservatives

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21
Q

Which of the following statements is NOT true?

Decomposition limits the amount of tissue available for preservation.
Preservative chemicals activate substrates which act upon certain decomposition-retarding proteins.
Preservative chemicals can inhibit but not reverse decomposition.
When it comes to embalming, the sooner the better.

A

Preservative chemicals activate substrates which act upon certain decomposition-retarding proteins.

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22
Q

Putrescine, cadaverine, indole, and skatole are considered malodorous:

Amines
Aromatic Alkenes
Carboxylic acids
Ketones

A

Amines

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23
Q

Methanol:

Acts as an anticoagulant
Is an anti-polymerizing agent in embalming fluid
Is another name for formaldehyde
Is an effective water conditioner

A

Is an anti-polymerizing agent in embalming fluid

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24
Q

Most formaldehyde in water is in the form of:

Formalin
Methanal
Methylene glycol
Paraformaldehyde

A

Methylene glycol

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25
Q

Which of the following statements is false with regard to formaldehyde action on proteins?

The resistance to digestion by enzymes is increased.
The resistance to deformation by external forces is increased making the tissues firmer.
The viscosity is decreased.
The water sensitivity (hydrolysis) and water solubility are decreased.

A

The viscosity is decreased.

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26
Q

The movement of fluid from the point of injection to the tissues is termed:

Dialysis
Diffusion
Distribution
Osmosis

A

Distribution

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27
Q

What is the searing and sealing of capillaries in the tissues by an astringent fluid?

Dialysis
Osmosis
Tissue fixation
Walling Off

A

Walling Off

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28
Q

Which of the following statements is true concerning adipose tissue?

Adipose tissue is a prime target of formaldehyde due to its high concentration of nitrogen
Adipose tissue is a significant contiributor to secondary dilution
Formaldehyde has very little effect on the adipose tissue, but rather works on the protein rich matrix in which fat is embedded
All of the above

A

Formaldehyde has very little effect on the adipose tissue, but rather works on the protein rich matrix in which fat is embedded

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29
Q

Which of the following is NOT a common preservative found in arterial solutions?

Aldehydes
Alcohols
Methanol
Methyl Salicylate

A

Methyl Salicylate

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30
Q

Surface-active agents that are generally used for disinfection of skin, oral and nasal cavities, as well as instruments are:

Aldehydes
Humectants
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds
Surfactants

A

Quaternary Ammonium Compounds

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31
Q

Glycerol, sorbitol and glycol are:

Anticoagulants
Buffers
Humectants
Surfactants

A

Humectants

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32
Q

Which of the following is also considered a water conditioning agent due to its ability to reduce water hardness?

Anticoagulants
Buffers
Deodorants
Surfactants

A

Anticoagulants

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33
Q

Which of the following is NOT a historical deodorant?

Benzaldehyde
Eosine
Methyl Salicylate
Oil of Sassafras

A

Eosine

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34
Q

Which of the following is NOT a key embalming fluid vehicle?

Glycerine
Lauryl sulfate
Methanol
Water

A

Lauryl sulfate

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35
Q

Which of the following is NOT typically a component of cavity fluid?

Modifying agents
Preservatives
Surfactants
Vehicles

A

Modifying agents

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36
Q

Sulfonates and sodium lauryl sulfate are most closely associated with:

Dyes
Modifying agents
Preservatives
Surfactants

A

Surfactants

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37
Q

Which of the following is an accessory fluid?

Anticoagulant pre-injection fluid
Co-injection fluid for edema
Co-injection fluid for emaciation
All of the above

A

All of the above

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38
Q

Jaundice fluids are known for all of the following with one noteable exception…which one is it?

High bleaching quality
Hypertonic solution
Low or medium formaldehyde index
Staining dyes

A

Hypertonic solution

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39
Q

Which of the following have the same chemical content as cavity chemicals but are easier to apply and adhere to cavity walls?

Cauterizing agents
Embalming gels
Hardening compounds
Sealing agents

A

Embalming gels

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40
Q

Paraformaldehyde, Aluminum Chloride and Alum are key ingredients in:

Cauterizing agents
Embalming gels
Hardening compounds
Sealing agents

A

Hardening compounds

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41
Q

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the shelf life of embalming fluids?

Average shelf life is approximately 10 years due to polymerization
Elevated temperature causes formaldehyde to convert to formic acid and causes decomposition of other disinfectants
Exposure to light may cause fluids to change color due to oxidation
Strong alkaline solutions cause decompositionof formaldehyde; acidic solutions promote polymerization

A

Average shelf life is approximately 10 years due to polymerization

42
Q

Pre-injection and co-injection fluids often contain all but which of the following?

Anticoagulants
Humectants
Preservatives
Surfactants

A

Preservatives

43
Q

Which of the following is not used as a dye in embalming fluid?

Amaranth
Eosine
Erythrosine
Sassafras

A

Sassafras

44
Q

Sodium citrate and sodium salt of EDTA are utilized as:

Anticoagulants
Deodorants
Humectants
Surfactants

A

Anticoagulants

45
Q

Which of the following is NOT a danger when using formaldehyde?

Highly irritating to the upper respiratory tract and eyes; may cause difficulty in breathing, burning of the nose and throat, cough and heavy tearing of the eyes
Ingestion causes severe irritation and inflammation of the mouth, throat and stomach
Mixing with sodium hypchlorite resuls in chlorine gas, formic acid, hydrochloric fumes chlorine oxides and possibly other hazardous by-products
Though highly irritating in the short term, there are few dangers of chronic over-exposure

A

Though highly irritating in the short term, there are few dangers of chronic over-exposure

46
Q

Which of the following is also called benzenol, carbolic acid, hydroxybenzene, monohydroxybenzene, monophenol and oxybenzene?

Dimethylformamide
Ethylene glycol
Paraformaldehyde
Phenol

A

Phenol

47
Q

Quarternary Ammonium Compounds:

Are found in disinfectants, cavity and accessory embalming fluids
Are highly toxic via inhalation
Are skin and eye irritants
A and C but not necessarily B

A

A and C but not necessarily B

48
Q

An effective preservative and disinfectant is:

Formic acid
Glutaraldehyde
Methyl ethyl ketone
Toluene

A

Glutaraldehyde

49
Q

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding paraformaldehyde?

A moderate fire risk and can react with oxidizers
A severe skin irritant and sensitizer
Can produce formaldehyde when heated
Found in embalming powders, sealing powders, cavity dessicants and hardening compounds

A

A severe skin irritant and sensitizer

50
Q

A liquid containing a dissolved substance or substances is a(n):

Acid
Nitrite
Salt
Solution

A

Solution

51
Q

What is formed from the partial oxidation of a primary alcohol?

Aldehyde
Ester
Ether
Ketone

A

Aldehyde

52
Q

What is one class of complex compounds that occurs naturally in plants and animals and yields amino acids when hydrolyzed?

Carbohydrates
Fats
Protein
Wax

A

Protein

53
Q

Eosine, ponceau red, and erythrosine are examples of:

Buffers
Deodorants
Dyes
Vehicles

A

Dyes

54
Q

What is a poison of organic origin?

Arsenic
Lead
Mercury
Toxin

A

Toxin

55
Q

What is a substance that prevents infection by killing bacteria?

Disinfectant
Salt
Soap
Water

A

Disinfectant

56
Q

How many oxygen atoms are in the formula 2Al(OH)3?

1
2
3
6

A

6

57
Q

A 40% by volume solution of formaldehyde is called:

Ethanol
Formalin
Methanol
Tincture

A

Formalin

58
Q

What is the chemical group that makes an alcohol molecule soluble in water useful to the embalmer?

  • CO3
  • NH3
  • OH
  • PO4
A

-OH

59
Q

Quaternary Ammonium compounds are widely used as:

Buffers
Dyes
Germicides
Preservatives

A

Germicides

60
Q

What is the proper way to neutralize a formaldehyde spill according to OSHA?

Add ammonia then wipe up
Clean up with soap and water
Dilute with water
Use a wet vacuum

A

Add ammonia then wipe up

61
Q

Formaldehyde is an ingredient of embalming fluid used to:

Mask odors
Preserve tissue
Prevent coagulation
Retain water

A

Mask odors

62
Q

Which of the following is an amine produced during putrefaction?

Glycine
Methanal
Putrescine
Urotropin

A

Putrescine

63
Q

Formaldehyde in a dry powdered form is also known as:

Alum
Paraformaldehyde
Perlite
Urotropin

A

Paraformaldehyde

64
Q

What is the smallest particle of matter that enters into a chemical reaction?

  An atom 
  A molecule 
  A neutron 
You Answered
  A proton
A

An atom

65
Q

A gram is equivalent to 1000:

Centigrams
Decigrams
Micrograms
Milligrams

A

Milligrams

66
Q

What is a substance that is capable of bringing about a reduction in the surface tension of a fluid?

An acid
A buffer
A humectant
A surfactant

A

A surfactant

67
Q

Which of the following are properties of formaldehyde?

  1. It is a colorless gas
  2. It is quite soluble in water
  3. It combines with water to form methylene glycol
  4. It is easily oxidized to form acetic acid

1, 2 and 3
1, 2 and 4
1, 3 and 4
2, 3 and 4

A

1, 2 and 3

68
Q

What is the structural formula of formaldehyde?

CH3OH
CH3COOH
H-CHO
H-COOH

A

H-CHO

69
Q

Formaldehyde reacts with ammonia to form:

Glyoxal
Paraformaldehyde
Urea
Urotropin

A

Urotropin

70
Q

In comparing cavity fluid to arterial fluid, the cavity fluid will have:

A lower index
No active dyes
No modifying agents
No surfactants or vehicles

A

No active dyes

71
Q

Polymerization of formaldehyde is inhibited by the addition of:

Aluminum chloride
Distilled water
Magnesium chloride
Methyl alcohol

A

Methyl alcohol

72
Q

Deodorants are used in embalming fluids as:

Disinfectants
Humectants
Masking agents
Wetting agents

A

Masking agents

73
Q

Phenol is used in embalming fluids as a:

Buffer
Humectant
Preservative
Surfactant

A

Preservative

74
Q

Sodium citrate is used in embalming fluids as a(n):

Anticoagulant
Humectant
Preservative
Surfactant

A

Anticoagulant

75
Q

Which of the following would be an example of a chemical change?

Condensation
Cremation
Evaporation
Solvation

A

Cremation

76
Q

What is the mass of a solid or liquid divided by mass of an equal volume of water?

Combustibility
Density
Solubility
Specific gravity

A

Specific gravity

77
Q

What is the atomic symbol for copper?

C
Co
Cp
Cu

A

Cu

78
Q

The atomic number is most closely related:

Electrons
Neutrons
Protons
A, B and C combined

A

Protons

79
Q

What type of bond is formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms?

Covalent
Ionic
Oxidation
Physical

A

Covalent

80
Q

The removal of hydrogen from a substance is generally referred to as:

De-hydrolysis
Hydrogenation
Oxidation
Reduction

A

Oxidation

81
Q

Which of the folloiwng statements is false regarding hard water and embalming?

  1. Diluting embalming fluid in very hard water should be avoided.
  2. Hard water, particularly the presence of ionized calcium salts, promotes blood coagulation and interferes with fluid distribution, diffusion and drainage.
  3. Most fluid manufacturers have incorporated water softeners or anti-coagulants to treat hard water and to minimize its harmful effects on the embalming process.

1
2
3
None of the statements are false

A

None of the statements are false

82
Q

What component of a solution is in the lesser amount?

Colloid
Solute
Solvent
Suspension

A

Solute

83
Q

What is the movement of molecules or other particles in a solution from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration?

Diffusion
Distribution
Osmosis
Solubility

A

Diffusion

84
Q

Ionic compounds resulting from the neutralization reaction of an acid and a base are:

Anhydrates
Anions
Cations
Salts

A

Salts

85
Q

What is a compound in which there is a chemical union between water and certain substances when they crystallize?

Anhydride
Hydrate
Hydrolyte
Salt

A

Hydrate

86
Q

In addition to Carbon, which three other atoms are most common in organic chemistry?

Hydrogen, Oxygen and Calcium
Oxygen, Hydrogen and Nitrogen
Potassium, Nitrogen and Hydrogen
Sodium, Hydrogen and Oxygen

A

Oxygen, Hydrogen and Nitrogen

87
Q

Which of the following is distinguished by a hydroxyl functional group (-OH) bound to a Carbon atom?

Alcohols
Alkenes
Amines
Ethers

A

Alcohols

88
Q

Which of the following is NOT a function of ethyl alcohol in the embalming process?

Humectant
Preservative
Solvent
To decrease the freezing point of the fluid

A

Humectant

89
Q

Which of the following has a general formula of ROR’?

Aldehydes
Esters
Ethers
Ketones

A

Ethers

90
Q

Formalin is a fully saturated aqueous solution containing:

  1. 5% formaldehyde by volume and 15% by mass
  2. 15% formaldehyde by volume and 5% by mass
  3. 37% formaldehyde by mass and 40% by volume
  4. 37% formaldehyde by volume and 40% by mass

1
2
3
4

A

3

91
Q

What is formaldehyde in an aqueous solution called?

Methanol
Methenamine
Methylene glycol
Paraformaldehyde

A

Methylene glycol

92
Q

Formaldehyde polymerizes into:

Methanol
Methenamine
Methylene glycol
Paraformaldehyde

A

Paraformaldehyde

93
Q

Which of the following is often referred to as “Oil of Wintergreen”?

Acetic Acid
Ethyl Acetate
Methyl Salicylate
Salicylic Acid

A

Methyl Salicylate

94
Q

What is an abundant, widespread class of natural organic compounds which includes sugars, starch and cellulose?

Carbohydrates
Nucleic acids
Phospholipids
Proteins

A

Carbohydrates

95
Q

What is the swelling and softening of tissues and organs as a result of absorbing moisture from adjacent sources?

Autolysis
Denaturation
Fermentation
Imbibition

A

Imbibition

96
Q

Which of the following is not a substrate?

Lipase
Protease
Nucleotide
Trypsin

A

Nucleotide

97
Q

Which of the following is NOT an example of protein putrefaction?

Deamination
Decarboxylation
Denaturation
Hydrolysis

A

Denaturation

98
Q

What are two monosaccharides combined by undergoing condensation involving the elimination of water from their functional groups?

Aldohexose
Disaccharide
Hexose
Polysaccharide

A

Disaccharide

99
Q

What is an ATP-generating, exothermic reaction also known as oxidative decarboxylation?

Fermentation
Hydrolysis
Kreb’s Cycle
Photosynthesis

A

Kreb’s Cycle

100
Q

Which of the following MIGHT be responsible for rigor’s natural release?

Production of ATP
Protein decomposition
Production of calcium-bound troponin
All of the above

A

All of the above

101
Q

What is a wax-like material produced by saponification of body fat in a body buried in alkaline soil?

Adipocere
Grave Wax
Plastination
Both A and B

A

Both A and B

NBE Examine Review (11 decks)

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