Fundamentals of Nutrition

Question 1

The basic purposes of nutrition are

Answer 1

Promotion of growth and development
Provision of energy
Regulation of metabolism

Question 2

How many cals/g in fat, alcohol, carbs and protein

Answer 2

Carbs- 4cal/g
Protein- 4cal/g
Alcohol- 7cal/g
Fats- 9cal/g

Question 3

Daily sodium intake

Answer 3

2300mg/day or less

Question 4

Added sugars should be limited to what % of your daily energy

Answer 4

25% or less

Question 5

Carbs should be what % of your daily intake

Answer 5

45-65%

Question 6

Fat daily intake %

Answer 6

20-35%

Question 7

Protein daily intake %

Answer 7

10-35%

Question 8

More fiber in complex or simple carbs?

Answer 8

Complex has more fiber, and is digested slower

Question 9

How does fiber effect your glycemic index/load, and how much is recommended per day

Answer 9

Reduces glycemic index, slows gastric emptying

20-35 g/day

Question 10

BMI for underweight individual

Answer 10

<18.5

Question 11

BMI for normal-morbidly obese individual

Answer 11

18.5-24.9 normal
up to 29.9 overweight
up to 34.9 obese I
up to 39.9 obese II
over 40 morbidly obese

Question 12

What are the essential fatty acids (2 main ones and 2 conditional)

Answer 12

2 main- Linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA)

Conditional- DHA and EPA

Question 13

What are the branched chain amino acids

Answer 13

Valine, isoleucine, leucine

Question 14

Vitamin D function

Answer 14

Promotes calcium absorption in intestine, reabsorption in kidneys. Activates osteoclasts- increase bone reabsorption of calcium

Question 15

Vitamin B1 Thiamine

Answer 15

Alcohol interferes with absorption

• Dry beriberi- Muscle wasting, partial paralysis
• Wet beriberi- Peripheral edema, cardiac failure
• Wernicke-Korskoff- Caused by alcohol

Question 16

Vitamin B2 Riboflavin deficiency causes what

Answer 16

Edema of mucous membranes, stomatitis (redness around mouth), glossitis (swollen tongue), normochromic/normocytic anemia

Question 17

Vitamin B3 Niacin deficiency causes what

Answer 17

Pellagra- 4Ds (diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, death)

Can be caused by hartnup disease (Impaired AA absorption from intestines–>Tryptophan deficient–>Niacin deficient

Question 18

Vitamin B5 Pantothenic acid deficiency

Answer 18

Rare, B5 is produced by colonic bacteria. Causes dermatitis and burning feet syndrome

Question 19

Vitamin B6 pyridoxine deficiency

Answer 19

Sideroblastic anemia (not enough iron in RBCs)
Dermatitis, glossitis, stomatitis

Question 20

Vitamin B7 Biotin deficiency caused by

Answer 20

Excessive consumption of raw egg whites

Question 21

Vitamin B9 Folic acid during pregnancy

Answer 21

Folate pools are quickly used up during pregnancy (and in alcoholics)- can cause spina bofida in newborns

Question 22

Vitamin B9 Flic acid deficiency

Answer 22

Macrocytic megaloblastic anemia

Homocysteinemia

Question 23

Vitamin B12 Cobalamin deficiency causes

Answer 23

Pernicious anemia- RBCs do not have enough B12 because it is not being absorbed
Megaloblastic anemia, homocysteinemia

Question 24

Vitamin C Ascorbic acid deficiency

Answer 24

Causes Scurvy- perifollicular hemorrhage, bleeding around lips on inside

Question 25

Vitamin E

Answer 25

Essential for normal fetal and childhood development

Deficiency is rare- causes neuromuscular disorders and hemolysis

Question 26

Vitamin K

Answer 26

Essential factor for proper clotting

Question 27

Vitamin A

Answer 27

Retinol, retinoic acid

Deficiency causes night blindness, xerophthalmia (dryness of cornea), Bitot spots (keratinization of conjuctiva)