Fundamentals of criminal investigations Flashcards
The investigation is not complete until
every credible lead has been considered
What is the goal of criminal investigations
to identify the guilty as it is to eliminate those who are not
Who are the Bow Street Runners
first well known investigative body in England
London Metropolitan Police ( BOBBIES) were created in what year
1849 - after Sir Robert Peel
The headquarters for the London Metro Police is often referred to as:
Scotland Yard- the division of London Metro, not England as a whole
First organization of its type in the USA
Pinkerton National Detective Agency
Rogues Gallery
descriptions, MOs, hiding places. names & associations of known crimminals
What was the Mulberry Street Parade (NYC)
9am every morning, arrested criminals and marched in front of detectives for later recognition
What was the single most significant development in criminal investigations
The creation of the FBI in 1924
NCIC
operational in 1967 by the FBI
What year was the London Metro Police Created
1849
What year was the creation of the FBI
1924
What was the National Academy
Created in 1924 by the FBI to train police
August Volmer
Evolution of professional policing:
- banned graft and gratuities
- implemented reforms transform policing into modern policing
- 1st chief to have bike patrol 1910
- motors 1911
- patrol cars 1913
- in car radios 1928
- created centralized police record system
- 1st to use blood fibers soil samples to solve crimes
- police schools 1907
- outlawed 3rd degree tactics ( beatings)
- 1st to use lie detector
- hired African America and female officer
Hans Gross
Wrote first publication describing application of science to crime investigations in 1893
Edward Locard
France 1910: established first crime lab
Locards exchange principle
Criminals come into contact with the scene, they will transfer evidence “ there is something to be found”
Bertillon system
Also known as Anthropometry: physical aspects of human body remain unchanged after full maturity ( skull, eye, ear shape/size etc)
What is the study of fingerprints
Dactylography
Henry Goddard
In 1835 he made the first successful attempt to identify a murderer from a bullet by locating a bullet mold with a matching mark
Professor Balthazard
In 1913 he wrote the single most important article in firearms identification. Firing pin, breechblock, extractor, ejector all leave marks.
Forensic Pathology
Determines the cause of death
What is the Rand study
In 1970 it determined the effectiveness of police functioning- studied departments with more than 150 sworn, city over 100k population
Rand recommendations
Post arrest with prosecutors
greater responsibilities for patrol officers
forensic resources increased
creation of specialized investigations sections/units
Police Executive Research Forum (PERF) study
- not as much mismanagement
- greater use of physical evidence
- develop guideline regulations use of evidence technicians
- greater effort to locate witnesses- neighborhood canvas
- more use of department records and informants
Objectives in Criminal Investigations
Detect crime locate and ID suspects arrest recover stolen property prepare sound case for prosecution
Inductive reasoning
Takes us beyond what we know to conclusions about what we don’t know
Deductive reasoning
reasoning established on specific pieces of evidence to establish proof
Abduction
The process of proposing a likely explanation for an event that then must be tested, helps make links among events and development of overall theory of the crime
Mission of Law Enforcement
maintenance of peace, protection of property and lives
Reactive Response
addressing crimes that have already been committed
Proactive Response
addressing anticipated crimes, investigation conducted prior to the crime being committed
Preliminary investigation
The responsibility of the first officer on scene with the primary objective is to determine whether the elements of the crime exist
Duty of the first officer on scene
to aid injured and provided or summon medical assistance
