Fundamentals: Infection Prevention and Control Flashcards

1
Q

Pathogen

A

Infectious agent

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2
Q

Colonization

A

Organism that multiplies within a host, but does not cause an infection.

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3
Q

Infectious Disease

A

Illnesses such as viral meningitis or pneumonia

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4
Q

Communicable Disease

A

An infectious disease that is transmitted directly from one person to another.

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5
Q

pH

A

acidity of the environment

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6
Q

Portal of exit and portal of entry

A

Sites such as blood, mucous membranes, respiratory tract, genitourinary tract, and gastrointestinal tract.

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7
Q

Virulence

A

Ability to survive in the host or outside the body

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8
Q

Susceptibility

A

Individual’s degree of resistance to pathogens

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9
Q

Immunocompromised

A

Having an impaired immune system

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10
Q

Reservoir

A

A place where a pathogen survives, multiplies, and await transfer. Humans and animals (host) or insects, food, water, and organic material (fomites)

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11
Q

Carriers

A

Persons who show no symptoms of illness but who have the pathogens that are transferred to others.

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12
Q

Aerobic bacteria

A

Bacteria that require oxygen for survival

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13
Q

Anaerobic bacteria

A

Bacteria that thrive with little to no free oxygen

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14
Q

Bacteriostasis

A

Prevention of the growth and reproduction of bacteria by cold temperatures.

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15
Q

Bactericidal

A

a temperature or chemical that destroys bacteria.

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16
Q

What is the chain of infection

A

Infectious agent, reservoir, portal of exit, modes of transmission, portal of entry, susceptible host.

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17
Q

Infectious agent

A

bacteria, virus, fungi, protozoa.
Virulence.
Organisms may be readily transmitted unless removed using hand hygiene.

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18
Q

Modes of transmission

A

hand hygiene (major route of transmission for pathogens is unwashed hands)

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19
Q

Most common modes of transmission

A

Direct, indirect, droplet, airborne, vehicles, vectors

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20
Q

Direct

A

person to person (fecal, oral). Physical contact between source and susceptible host.

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21
Q

Indirect

A

personal contact of susceptible host with contaminated inanimate object

22
Q

droplet

A

large particles that travel up to 3ft during coughing, sneezing, or carried.

23
Q

Vehicles

A

contaminated items, water, drugs, solutions, blood, on dust particles.

24
Q

Vectors

A

external mechanical transfer (flies), internal transmission such as parasitic conditions between vector and host such as mosquito, tick, louse, flea.

25
Q

Types of infection

A

localized and systemic

26
Q

Localized infection

A

patient usually experiences localized symptoms such as pain, tenderness, warmth, and redness around the wound site.

27
Q

Systemic infection

A

an infection that affects the entire body instead of just a single organ or part.

28
Q

health care associated infections (nasocomial)

A

Iatrogenic, exogenous, endogenous

29
Q

Iatrogenic

A

caused by an invasive diagnostic or therapeutic procedure (bronchoscopy and treatments with broad spectrum anitbiotics)

30
Q

Exogenous

A

comes from microorganisms found outside the individual. These microorganisms do not exist in normal flora

31
Q

Endogenous

A

occurs when part of the patient’s flora becomes altered and an overgrowth occurs.

32
Q

Factors influencing a patients susceptibility to infection

A

age, nutritional status, stress, disease process.

33
Q

Age

A

an infant or elderly has immature or weakened defenses against infections.

34
Q

Nutritional status

A

a patients nutritional health directly influences susceptibility to infection

35
Q

Stress

A

body responds to emotions or physical stress by the general adaption syndrome.

36
Q

Disease process

A

patient with diseases of the immune system are at a particular risk for infection.

37
Q

Medical asepsis

A

confines a microorganism to an area and limits the growth. Ex: hand hygiene, barrier techniques, and routine environmental cleaning.

38
Q

Surgical asepsis

A

Keep an area clean of a microorganism and destroy the microorganism

39
Q

Hand hygiene

A

4 techniques: handwashing, antiseptic hand wash, antiseptic hand rub, and surgical hand antiseptic.

40
Q

Alcohol based hand rubs

A

effective standard hand washing. Antiseptics containing 60-90% are the most effective against common pathogens found of hands.

41
Q

Disinfection

A

Process that eliminates many or all microorganisms with exception to bacterial spores.

42
Q

Sterilization

A

eliminates or destroys all forms of microbial life, including spores.

43
Q

Standard precautions

A

Prevents and controls infections transmission. These apply to contact with blood, body fluid, nonintact skin, and mucous membranes.

44
Q

Contact isolation

A

used for direct and indirect contact with patients

45
Q

droplet isolation

A

focuses on diseases that are transmitted by large droplets (> 5 micros) expelled into air and by being within 3ft. of patient.

46
Q

Airborne isolation

A

focuses on diseases that are transmitted by smaller droplets, which remain in the air for longer periods of time.

47
Q

Why use gowns

A

prevent soiling of clothes during contact with a patient.

48
Q

why use masks

A

provide respiratory protection.

49
Q

why use protective eyewear

A

(special glasses or goggles) to perform procedures that generate splashes or spatters.

50
Q

why use gloves

A

prevent the transmission of pathogens by direct or indirect contact.

51
Q

Seven principles of surgical asepsis

A
  1. a sterile object remains sterile only when touched by another sterile object.
  2. only sterile objects may be placed on sterile field.
  3. A sterile object or field out of range of vision or an object held below a person’s waste is contaminated.
  4. A sterile object or field becomes contaminated by prolonged exposure to air.
  5. When a sterile surface comes into contact with a wet, contaminated surface, the sterile object of filed becomes contaminated by capillary action.
  6. Fluid flows in the direction of gravity.
  7. The edges of a sterile field or container are considered to be contaminated.