Fundamentals: Hygiene

Question 1

Factors that influence a personal preference for hygiene

Answer 1

Social practices, personal preferences, body image, socioeconomic status, health benefits and motivation, cultural variables, developmental stage, physical condition.

Question 2

Common skin problems

Answer 2

Dry skin, acne, skin rashes, contact dermatitis, abrasion.

Question 3

How to administer hygiene with dry skin:

Answer 3

bathe less frequently and rinse the body of all soap bc residue left on the skin can cause irritation and breakdown. Add moisture to the air through the use of a humidifier increase fluid intake when the skin is dry. Use moisturizing cream to aid healing (eucerin). Use creams to clean skin that is dry or allergic to soaps and detergents.

Question 4

How to administer hygiene with acne.

Answer 4

Wash hair and skin thoroughly each day with warm water and soap to remove oil use cosmetics sparingly bc oily cosmetics or creams accumulate in pores and tend to make condition worse. Implement dietary restrictions if necessary. Use prescribed topical antibiotics for severe forms of acne.

Question 5

How to administer hygiene with skin rashes

Answer 5

wash the area thoroughly and apply antiseptic spray and lotion to prevent further itching and aid in the healing process. Apply warm or cold soaks to relieve inflammation if indicated.

Question 6

How to administer hygiene with contact dermatitis

Answer 6

avoid causative agents (example: cleansers and soaps)

Question 7

How to administer hygiene with abrasion

Answer 7

be careful not to scratch the patient with jewelry or fingernails. Wash abrasions with mild soap and water. Dry thoroughly and gently. Observe dressings or bandages for retained moisture bc it increases risk of infection.

Question 8

Calluses

Answer 8

thickened portion of epidermis consists of mass or horny, keratotic cells. Usually flat and painless and are found on undersurface of foot or on palm of hand.

Question 9

Corns

Answer 9

Friction and pressure from ill-fitting or loose shoes cause keratosis. They are usually seen mainly on or between toes over bony prominences. They are usually cone shaped, round, and raised. Soft corns are macerated.

Question 10

Plantar warts

Answer 10

fungating lesion appears on sole of foot and is caused by the papilloma virus.

Question 11

Tinea pedis

Answer 11

athletes foot is a fungal infection of the of the foot, scaliness and cracking of skin occur between the toes and on the soles of feet. Small blisters containing fluid appear.

Question 12

Ingrown nails

Answer 12

the toenail or fingernail grows inward into soft tissue around the nail. Ingrown nails often result from improper nail trimming.

Question 13

Foot odors

Answer 13

foot odors are the result of excess perspiration that promotes microorganism growth.

Question 14

Halitosis

Answer 14

Bad breath

Question 15

Dandruff

Answer 15

scaling of scalp is accompanied by itching. In severe cases, dandruff is on the eyebrows.

Question 16

Ticks

Answer 16

Small, grey-brown parasites burrow into the skin and suck blood.

Question 17

Pediculosis

Answer 17

Lice, tiny grayish-white. Parasitic insects that infest mammals.

Question 18

Pediculosis capitis:

Answer 18

Parasite is on scalp attached to hair strands. Eggs look like oval particles similar to dandruff. Biles or pustules may be observed behind the ears and at the hairline.

Question 19

Pediculosis corporis

Answer 19

Parasites tend to cling to clothing, so they are not always easy to see. Body lice suck blood and lay eggs on clothing and furniture.

Question 20

Pediculosis pubis

Answer 20

parasites are in pubic hair. Crab lice are greyish white red legs.

Question 21

Alopecia

Answer 21

Alopecia occurs in all races. Balding patches are in the periphery of the hair line. Hair becomes brittle an broken.

Question 22

Oral problems

Answer 22

patients who are unable to use heir upper extremities because of paralysis, weakness, or restriction; dehydration; inability to take fluids of food by mouth (NPO); presence of nasogastric or oxygen tubes; mouth breathers; chemotherapeutic drugs; over the counter lozenges, antacids, radiation therapy to head and neck, immunosuppressants, altered blood clotting, diabetes mellitus

Question 23

skin problems

Answer 23

immobilization, reduced sensation because of stroke, spinal cord injury, diabetes or local nerve damage; limited protein or calorie intake and reduced hydration; excessive secretions or excretions on the skin from perspiration, urine, watery fecal matter, wound drainage, presence of external devices, vascular insufficiency.

Question 24

Foot problems

Answer 24

patients who are unable to bend over or have reduced visual acuity

Question 25

Eye care problems

Answer 25

reduced dexterity and hand coordination

Question 26

Types of baths

Answer 26

complete bed bath, partial bed bath, bag bath, sitz bath

Question 27

complete bed bath

Answer 27

bath administered to totally dependent patient in bed

Question 28

partial bed bath

Answer 28

bed bath that consists of bathing only body parts that would cause discomfort if left unbathed (hands, face, axillae, and perineal area. Also washing back and giving back rub.

Question 29

Bag baths

Answer 29

series of unwashed clothes and no rinse liquid cleanser. Place wash cloth in bad with water and cleanser.

Question 30

Sitz bath

Answer 30

shallow bath that cleanses the perineum.

Question 31

Guidelines that nurses need to follow regardless of the bath type

Answer 31

Provide privacy, maintain safety, maintain warmth, promote independence, anticipate needs.

Question 32

who are patients at risk for breakdown in the perineal area

Answer 32

male patients who are uncircumcised, patients who have indwelling catheters, and patients recovering form rectal or genetal surgery or childbirth.

Question 33

benefits of back rubs

Answer 33

promotes relaxation, relieves muscular tension, and decreases perception of pain.

Question 34

Guidelines when advising patients with peripheral neuropathy or vascular insufficiency about foot care

Answer 34

1. inspect feet daily
2. Wash feet daily in luke warm water
3. Wear well fitting shoes and clean dry socks
4. Keep skin soft and smooth by applying lotion
5. If you can see and reach toe nails, trim them straight across
6. Keep blood flowing or feet by putting them up and wiggiling toes
7. Protect the feet from hot and cold

Question 35

Denture care

Answer 35

dentures need to be cleaned on a regular basis to avoid gingival infection and irritation

Question 36

How should shaving be performed

Answer 36

shave facial hair after the bath or shampoo; avoid causing discomfort, gently pull the skin taut and use short, firm razor strokes in the direction the hair grows.

Question 37

Describe basic eye care for a patient

Answer 37

cleansing the eyes involves simply washing with a clean wash cloth moistened in water. Never apply direct pressure over the eyeball because it causes serious injury when cleansing eye. Obtain a clean wash cloth and cleanse from the inner canthus to the outer canthus. Use a different section of the washcloth to each eye.

Question 38

In-the-canal (ITC) hearing aids

Answer 38

Newest, smallest, and least visible. It fits entirely in the ear canal

Question 39

In-the-ear (ITE) hearing aids

Answer 39

fits into the external ear and allows for more fine tuning; it is powerful and easy to adjust

Question 40

Behind-the-ear (BTE) hearing aids

Answer 40

hooks around and behind the ear and is connected to an ear mold, it allows for fine tuning and is useful for patients with progressive hearing loss.

Question 41

Fowler position

Answer 41

head of bed raised to angle of 45 degrees or more. Semi-sitting position, foot of the bed may also be raised at the knees

Question 42

Semi-fowler position

Answer 42

head of bed raised approximately 30 degrees; inclination less than fowler position; foot of bed may also be raised at knees

Question 43

Trendelenburg postion

Answer 43

entire bed frame tilted with the head of bed down

Question 44

Reverse trendelenburg bed position

Answer 44

entire bed frame tilted with foot of bed down.

Question 45

Flat bed position

Answer 45

entire bed frame horizontally parallel with the floor