Fundamental Planning Knowledge Flashcards
Ebenezer Howard would be most likely to promote the design and construction of which type of cities?
Garden Cities, he wrote garden cities of tomorrow
Who is considered the “father of American Zoning”?
Edward Murray Basset
What is the 14th amendment in accordance to planning?
No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law;
What is the 5th amendment?
No person shall be…deprived of…property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use without just compensation
How many acres in one HECTARE?
2.47 Acres
how many sf in one acre?
43,560
how many acres on a per household basis does it take to feed the U.S. population?
2 acres
What is adaptive reuse?
Adaptive reuse is a specific term used to describe the process of adapting buildings for new uses while retaining many of their historic features.
Public Facilities Ordinance
A public facilities ordinance allows the city to determine when infrastructure will be extended and maintain an adequate level of service. New building permits would not be issued unless the infrastructure is adequate.
What is ADT?
Average daily traffic (ADT) is the measure most commonly used for traffic volume
Adverse Possession
Adverse possession is a method of acquiring title to a property by possession for a period of time, based on statute. Squatters rights are a specific form of adverse possession. Squatters typically do not have a right to the title of the property but cannot be removed without due process.
Homesteading
Homesteading occurs when the land has no legal owner or is owned by the government. The government allows homesteading with an expectation that the person occupying the property will undertake specific actions to gain the title.
Adverse abandonment
Adverse abandonment is associated with acquiring land abandoned by a railroad.
Advocacy Planning
Advocacy planning brings planning into the public eye and assists in recognizing the different needs of interest groups in the community.
A metric to measure housing affordability
median housing price to median income, A ratio greater than 2.5 indicates housing is unaffordable.
Is there a formalized accreditation program for planning departments?
no
Agins v. City of Tiburon established that a regulation is a taking if…
A regulation is a taking if it deprives the property of all economic value and does not advance a governmental interest and if it fails to advance a legitimate govt. interest.
A temporary deprivation does not cause a taking.
What is the most frequent land use in the U.S.?
Agriculture.
Because of urbanization, the amount of land in agriculture is declining and there is a trend toward larger farm operations. Still, small family farms (less than $350,000 in gross cash farm income) account for 90 percent of all U.S. farms. The U.S. EPA reports on major trends in agriculture.
The correct answer is: Agriculture is the most frequent use of land in the United States with 1/5 of land used for crops and just under 1/3 used for livestock grazing.
What is an SIP
States are required to develop a state implementation plan (SIP) for air quality. These air quality plans must include the following: Provisions for ozone nonattainment areas, provisions for carbon monoxide nonattainment areas, provisions for particulate matter nonattainment, and provisions for designated nonattainment for sulfur oxides, nitrogen dioxide, or lead. Transportation is a major source of air pollution—for example carbon monoxide, which is required to be addressed as part of the state implementation plan. Regional transportation plans and improvement programs would be expected to be included in an SIP.
Who is Alfred Bettman
lfred Bettman (1873-1945) was the first president of ASPO (American Society of Planning Officials) and one of the key founders of modern urban planning. Zoning, as we know it today, can be attributed to his successful arguments before the U.S. Supreme Court, which resulted in the 1926 decision in favor of the Village of Euclid, Ohio versus Ambler Realty Company.
The concept of the “Comprehensive Plan,” as used in most cities across the United States, is in no small part due to the work of Bettman and Ladislas Segoe on the “Cincinnati Plan.” Communities of all sizes across the United States can also thank Bettman for his part in creating the “Capital Improvements Budget.”
What Planning practice was highly influence through the Cincinnati Plan
Comprehensive Planning, Alfred Bettman
Village of Euclid, Ohio V. Ambler Realty Company
UPHELD THE CONSTITUTIONALITY OF THE ZONING ORDINANCE
The Ambler Realty Company owned 68 acres of land in the village of Euclid, Ohio, a suburb of Cleveland. On November 13, 1922, the village council passed a zoning ordinance dividing the village into several districts. The ordinance defined the use and size of buildings permissible in each district. Ambler Realty’s land spanned multiple districts, and the company was therefore significantly restricted in the types of buildings it could construct on the land. Ambler Realty filed suit against the village, claiming the ordinance violated the Fourteenth Amendment’s protections of liberty and property described in the Due Process and Equal Protection Clauses. A federal district court agreed and issued an injunction against enforcement of the ordinance.
When was the Americans with Disabilities Act passed?
Passed in 1990.
The Americans with Disabilities Act passed in 1990. The ADA Amendments Act of 2008 overturned two controversial Supreme Court decisions and made the scope of the ADA more broad and inclusive. The 2010 ADA Standards for Accessible Design set minimum requirements for newly designed, constructed, or altered state and local government facilities, public accommodations, and commercial facilities to be readily accessible and usable by individuals with disabilities.
The correct answer is: The ADA passed in 1990 and was significantly amended in 2008. Current regulations are set in the 2010 Standards for Accessible Design, which replaced standards set in 1991.
Amatai Etzioni proposed which theory?
Mixed Scanning
Who founded incremental Planning?
Charles Lindblom
rational-Comprehensive Planning
Planners are rational/objective
public all has same interest
Planners can know what the public interest is
Who developed ADVOCACY PLANNING
Paul Davidoff
Base Realignment and Closure Act
he Base Realignment and Closure Act (BRAC) refers to congressional actions that streamline military base operations. Air Installation Compatible Use Zones address land use coordination with local governments around the base. Joint Land Use Studies are a joint planning effort between active military installations, surrounding communities and other agencies.
When was American Planning Association (APA) formed?
In 1978, the American Planning Association was consolidated from the American Institute of Planners (AIP) and the American Society of Planning Officials (ASPO). AIP was incorporated in 1917, as the American City Planning Institute, and renamed the AIP in 1939. ASPO was established in 1934.
Associated Home Builders of Greater East Bay v. City of Livermore
The Associated Home Builders case related to when building permits could be developed based on the availability of infrastructure.
Audience Response System (ARS).
An ARS is an instant polling software used in conjunction with a slide presentation. A USB receiver or base station retrieves the data provided by an audience using wireless hand-held devices and stores this information on the presenter’s computer. Some ARS programs offer the option of participating in the process via personal cellular phones or laptop computers. The most obvious benefit of ARS is the chance to receive instant and accurate feedback from the audience. This feedback is assumed to represent honest opinions because the answers are sent anonymously.
Auger Test
An auger can be used to retrieve soil samples and then examined for the soil profiles.
Berman V. Parker
Berman v. Parker upheld the use of eminent domain for aesthetic purposes.
Vi
Village of Belle Terre V. Boraas
Village of Belle Terre v. Boraas is a 1st and 14th amendments case dealing with freedom of association.
Construction Industry of Sonoma County V. City of Petaluma
Growth Management Case
Euclid V. Ambler Realty
Established Zoning as a constitutional use of government Police, aka Euclidean Zoning
Binary Variable
Can only take two values. i.e. 1 or 0, yes or no
What can a Board of Zoning Adjustments do?
A Board of Zoning Adjustments acts in a quasi-judicial manner and can grant variances and hear appeals. The correct answers are I.
1)Hear and decide appeals from determinations made by local zoning officials and
2) Grant variances to provide relief from the terms of the zoning ordinance.
what is Bridging
Bridging is used to bring the conversation back to the central message when questions take you off topic. All the other potential answers are communication tactics, but do not fit the definition established by the question.
what is police power
Police power is the power granted government to impose what it considers reasonable restrictions on the liberties of its citizens for the maintenance of public order and safety. A building permit, for example, ensures the safety of citizens.
Census
every ten years
how the U.S. Census Bureau collects data through the American Community Survey?
The American Community Survey uses a series of monthly samples to produce annually updated estimates for the same census tract and block groups that used to be surveyed via the decennial census long-form sample
The 1893 World’s Columbian Exposition included the _____________, designed by Daniel Burnham.
White City
what is a Chicane
A short, shallow s-shaped turn that requires drivers to turn slightly left and then right, slowing speeds down
What percent of households are multigenerational as of 2016?
20%
Cheney v. Village 2 at New Hope
In the case Cheney v. Village 2 at New Hope, the Pennsylvania State Court in 1968 found that planned unit developments are acceptable if the regulations focus on density requirements rather than specific rules for each lot.
- It was Held that ordinances creating a Planned Unit Development District and rezoning residential land to PUD did not constitute spot zoning.
it was Held that (1} the ordinances are valid, and (2) the borough planning commission has the power to approve development plans submitted to it under a specific ordinance.
Citizens to Preserve Overton Park V. Volpe
In the 1960s, Citizens to Preserve Overton Park filed suit against U.S. Secretary of Transportation John Volpe after he announced plans to build Interstate 40 through Overton Park in Memphis. The suit claimed that Vollpe was violating section 4(f) of the Dept. of Transportation Act of 1966, which required the government to show there were no “feasible and prudent” alternatives to using public lands, such as parks, when building freeways. In 1971, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of Citizens to Preserve Overton Park, leading to a considerable increase in grassroots environmental organizing.
City Beautiful Movement
Proponents of the City Beautiful philosophy believed that aesthetics could have an effect on human behavior and social order. In their view, harmonious, beautiful public spaces would lead to social harmony and increased civic virtue.
What is the City Efficient Movement
What is the City Functional Movement
City of Rancho Palos Verdes v. Abrams
City of Rancho Palos Verdes established that administrative procedures can remedy violations of the Telecommunications Act, and that an individual cannot force compliance.
What is Title VIII of the 1968 Civil Rights Act?
Fair Housing Act, The Civil Rights Act of 1964 banned discrimination and segregation on the basis of race, religion, national origin and gender in the workplace, schools, public accommodations and in federally assisted programs. The Civil Rights Act of 1968 provided for equal housing opportunities regardless of race, creed, or national origin. The Fair Housing Act (FHA) is also known as Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968.
Who devised the Neighborhood Unit Concept
Clarence Perry, in a regional Survey of New York and its environs
Who was the co-founder of the Regional Planning Association of America?
Clarence Stein
What does the Clean Water Act of 1972 cover?
If the body of water can be used to transport goods from one state to another it is covered by the Clean Water Act.
To what level of government are regional councils or councils of government (COGs) accountable?
A COG or regional council is a multi-service entity that delivers a variety of federal, state, and local programs, and they are accountable to local units of government. They can also function as partners for state and federal governments.
Cohort Survival Method
The Cohort Survival method, also known as the population pyramid, is one of the most detailed population estimation methods. uses the population at the time of the last Census divided into five-year age groups and gender. A death rate is applied to each age group. New groups are created based on birth rates and net migration rates.
Communicative Planning Theory calls for what kind of planning?
Consensus Building
What is CORBOR
he National Corridor Planning and Development Program and the Coordinated Border Infrastructure Program provided funding between 1999 and 2005, but was discontinued under The Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act and the Coordinated Border Infrastructure Program. (https://highways.dot.gov/public-roads/septoct-1999/corbor-improves-safety-mobility-and-productivity)
Crime Prevention through Environmental Design
CPTED offers a safety-based approach to the design of the environment, including features such as lines of sight and lighting. An American Planning Association Policy Guide on Security provides for best practices in designing secure spaces https://www.planning.org/policy/guides/adopted/security.htm
“the rise of the creative class” argues that for a city to attract the CREATIVE CLASS, the three Ts are needed. what are they?
Talent (a highly talented/educated/skilled population),
Tolerance (a diverse community, which has a ‘live and let live’ ethos), and
Technology (the technological infrastructure necessary to fuel an entrepreneurial culture).
Cross-Sectional Survey
A cross-sectional survey is a type of survey that involves the analysis of data collected from a representative subset of a population at one specific point in time.
What is the Delphi survey technique?
Participants fill out a questionnaire and, after hearing one another’s replies, are then encouraged to revise their answers. The range of answers are decreased over time.
Which federal department is responsible for overseeing the National Register of Historic Places?
Department of the Interior
A discrete variable
has a finite number of values
Dichotomous variable
has only two values
drop off survey
where you drop off the survey at the home
What is moonlighting
When someone has more than one job.
What is a euclidean buffer
A Euclidean buffer measures the distance in a two-dimensional Cartesian plan—calculating straight line distances. This type of buffer works well when working at a city scale, and because this is a standard distance, from waterways, a buffer makes more sense.
what is a geodesic buffer
A geodesic buffer accounts for the curvature of the earth and would be used when the map projection is at a large regional scale or global scale.
Which city his home to the first historic preservation commission in the U.S.
New Orleans in 1924
Which zoning focuses on development standards, rather than use standards
form based zoning. Form-based zoning focuses on defining desired development patterns and allows the market to determine the use.
What is a future search
Future Search is a 2.5-day event designed to result in a common vision of the future. The event is organized into five tasks of approximately 3-4 hours each.
What is the Future Value Equation
FV = PV (1 + r)^n
Two main types of local governments
Two types of local governments are 1) general-purpose local government, which includes counties and townships, and
2) single-purpose, which includes school districts and fire districts.
general fertility rate
expressed as births per 1,000 persons calculated by the number of recorded live births in a year, divided by the mid-year female population between the ages of 15 and 44.
how many sf per acre
43,560 sf
what is groupware
Groupware includes a variety of electronic technologies that support virtual collaboration. These techniques use hardware, software, or internet technology to allow for sophisticated collaboration activities.
Which scientific measurement tracks environmental conditions over time?
Environmental indicator
Three elements of the Message Pyramid in order
1) Key Message
2) First Proof
3) Second Proof
An analysis that assesses the suitability for land development
land capability analysis
what are the sources of land use law in the U.S.
Common law, the constitution, and statutes
what is ordinal data
ordinal data is a categorical, statistical data type where the variables have natural, ordered categories and the distances between the categories are not known. i.e. level of education
nominal data
Nominal data is qualitative data used to name or label variables without providing numeric values. i.e. male/female
nominal group technique
The nominal group technique enables all members of a group to meaningfully participate in brainstorming. The nominal group technique allows for periods of silent reflection, allowing for idea generation and individual sharing.
a null hypothesis
The null hypothesis is the commonly accepted fact; it is the opposite of the alternate hypothesis. Researchers work to reject, nullify, or disprove the null hypothesis. Researchers come up with an alternate hypothesis, one that they think explains a phenomenon, and then work to reject the null hypothesis.
Open meeting laws require which governing body to have open meetings?
Open meetings laws require that Planning Commission meetings be open to the public. While some differences in open meeting requirements might occur across jurisdictional boundaries, the important concept captured by this question is the requirement to conduct Planning Commission meetings in public.
ordinances and regulations that impose conditions on the issuance or development permits (such as the reservation of land for beach access), but do not compensate the owner for the property MUST
I. The condition must have some essential nexus with the public purpose it seeks to fulfill
II. The condition must bear some rough proportionality to the impact of the development for which the permit is sought
III. The condition may be satisfied by the payment of a fee in lieu of (FILO) compliance
IV. Not result in the temporary loss of use of property while the application for the development permit is undergoing review by government staff.
Select one:
Oregon Measure 37
Oregon’s Measure 37 requires a landowner to be compensated if a land regulation results in a devaluation of the property—if they were the owner at the time the regulation was put in place.
Participatory Rural Appraisal technique
Participatory rural appraisal is a group of techniques that allow for the provision and analysis of information by the public. Participatory rural appraisals are typically highly visual, including the creation of maps or picture cards., FOR LOWER EDUCATED POPULATIONS
Planning Cells
“a deliberative method where randomly-selected, diverse participants collaborate on developing solutions to a given issue and report the resulting recommendations to the relevant decision-makers.” A planning cell allows citizens to learn about, assess and choose between multiple alternatives. Planning cells is a method for deliberation developed by Dr. Dienel, and is designed to be a “micro-parliament.” In a planning cell, approximately 25 people from various backgrounds work together to develop a set of solutions to a problem delegated to the participants by a commissioning body.
Coffee Klatch
An informal gathering at a neighbors house
Prescriptive Easement
A prescriptive easement is typically obtained under principles of adverse possession, i.e., a prescriptive easement can be earned through the ongoing and regular use of an otherwise unused property. A prescriptive easement allows the right to use the property and does not allow the farmer to gain title to the land.
Easement Appurtenant
An easement appurtenant allows access to your property, for example giving the right to use a neighbor’s driveway to access your property.
Easement in Gross
a public utility easement
Social Accounting Matrices
A social accounting matrix (SAM) is a framework for organizing statistical data about the economy. It considers household income, household expenditures, input-output of industries, trade, taxes, government expenditures, investments, and savings. A SAM is a tool for understanding economic actors and how policy changes could result in economic changes.
Traffic analysis zones
The correct answer is traffic analysis zones. Traffic analysis zones are geographic units that divide a region into similar areas of land use.
urban growth boundary
An urban growth boundary is a regional boundary that limits sprawl by mandating that the area inside the boundary be used for higher density urban development and the area outside be used for low density development, such as agriculture.
Vernacular architecture
uses locally available materials
A volume to capacity ratio of 1 indicates what of traffic
congested traffic flow
what is the typical walking radius for a TOD development
1/2 mile
Primary data
directly from responses to surveys, observations and data collected by the researcher
secondary data
from other researchers, existing data archives, journals, not by the researcher.
deductive logic
top down approach, start with general and moves to more specific.
Environmental determinism
the environment affects individual behavior
residential self-selection
people chose to live in places that support their preexisting lifestyle preferences
Inductive logic
bottom up approach. creates a grounded theory
cross sectional timeframe
a single point in time
longitudinal timeframe
analyzes data over several discreet periods
4 types of research design types
Randomized Experiments
Quasi-Experiments
Natural Experiments
Non-Experiments
Quasi-experiment
test hypotheses about causes and include a control group and frequently pretest measurements that are compared with posttest responses after the treatment.
i.e. comparing modes of travel in transit corridor before and after light rail line.
Natural Experiment
Individuals exposed to the experimental and control conditions are determined by nature or by other factors outside the control of the investigator, but the process of governing the exposures arguably resembles random assignment.
Non-experiment
lacks the random assignment found in true experiments and lacks the pretest observations and control groups found in quasi-experiments.
Phenomenology
view of a group that has witnessed or attended a phenomenon.
Ethnography
study of cultural groups in their natural setting over long periods.
tabular data
data that can be put into a table, with rows and fields.
raster data
two dimensional, flat data in a matrix format. i.e. satellite imagery.
spatial data
store locational characteristics along with geographic references in vector or raster formats.
vector data
can be three dimensional, x,y,z
how often is the U.S. census
every 10 years, started in 1790
what is the American Community Survey
long form census and is a nationwide SAMPLE survey on social, economic, housing, and demographic characteristics done EVERY YEAR
what year and where was the first national planning convention held
1909 washington dc
who authored and when, Wackers Manual of the Plan of Chicagoi
Walter Moody, 1912
What was the first major textbook on city planning, by who
Carrying Out the City Plan, Flavel Shurtleff
Concentric Circle Theory
was developed by Ernest Burgess in 1925. Burgess was a sociologist who studied the growth of Chicago. He believed that cities grow in a series of outward rings, and land use is based on distance from downtown. There were five rings in his theory: 1) the central business district, which houses a concentration of governmental, office, and commercial uses; 2) the industrial zone; 3) the zone of transition, which has a mix of industrial and low-income housing (at one time this ring had high-income, large houses); 4) the zone of middle class housing; and 5) the commuter zone, with higher-income housing.
Homer Hoyt
Sector theory
