AREAS OF PRACTICE Flashcards
What are the 5 Basic steps of plan-making for comprehensive planning?
- Identify stakeholders
- Define Goals
- Gather information and analysis
- Develop Alternatives
- Select an alternative
Who conducts most corridor transportation planning?
Metropolitan Planning Organization
What is Integrated Corridor Management
At the NATIONAL level, it is the efficient movement of people and goods through institutional collaboration and aggressive, proactive integration of existing infrastructure along major corridors.
What is the National Scenic Byways Program
developed by the Federal Highway Commission in 1992, to designate and fund enhancements of scenic highways across the U.S.
What is a Greenbelt
undeveloped natural land areas that have been set aside for the purposes of open space and recreation, linking urban residents with nature.
What are National Heritage Areas, and who are they designated by?
places where natural, cultural and historic resources combine to form a cohesive NATIONALLY important landscape.
Designated by CONGRESS
Who founded neighborhood planning?
Chicago School sociologists:
Robert Park and E.W. Burgess
5 Characteristics of an Edge City
- Must have more than 5M square feet of Office Space
- More than 600 SF of retail space
- More jobs than bedrooms
- Perceived by the population as one place
- Must have been nothing like a city 30 years earlier
Who coined “Edge City”
Joel Garreau
What scale does the USGS use?
1:24,000
What does 1:24,000 mean
1 inch represents 2,000 lineal feet
what does 1:62,500 mean
1 inch represents 0.98 miles
what does 1:500,000 mean
1 inch equals 7.89 miles
what does 1:2,000,000 mean
1 inch equals 31.57 miles
slope of 0-.05%
no drainage, not suited for development
slope of 0.5-1%
no problems, ideal for all types of development
slope of 1-3%
slight problems for large commercial areas, acceptable for residential
3-5% slopes
major problems for commercial/industrial/large scale residential
5-10% slopes
suitable only for specially designed development
how many feet in one mile?
5,280 feet
three types of projection methods
Conic
Cylindrical
Planar
What is Floor Area Ratio
the ratio of the gross floor area of a building to the ground area.
When did subdivisions first appear in the U.S.
1660
What is a subdivision
is the division of land into two or more parcels, sites, or lots, for the purpose of transfer of ownership, development, or other forms of valuable interest. This definition varies from state to state and may include minimum acreage requirements.
What is a plat
a map of a tract or parcel of land
What is a replat
allows for lots to be subdivided further or added back together
what is an amending plat
corrects errors or adds additional information to the plat
what is a vacating plat
allows for a plat to be terminated prior to the selling of any lots.
What is a Preliminary Plat
is a to-scale mechanical drawing with precise topography and prescribed intervals showing the calculated location of all lots, streets, drainage patterns, facilities, and proposed dedications.
What is a Final Plat
is the approved preliminary plat with all bearing, monuments, curves, and notations, together with all dedications, easement, and approvals.
Who ultimately needs to approve a prelim and final plat map?
Planning Commission
What is a performance bond?
A performance bond is an agreement between the property owner and the community to ensure that the final plat is built as shown on the drawings within a certain time period. If the developer fails to meet the requirements, the government may use the bond to cover the cost of constructing the improvements. The bond is released once the improvements are in place and have been inspected by the local government.
What are dedications
gifts of land for public purposes such as roads, parks, and utilities. frequently required by city during the subdivision process.
What is a development agreement
a VOLUNTARY contract between a local jurisdiction and a property owner detailing the obligations of both parties and specifying the standards and conditions that will govern development of the property. Although the agreements are voluntary, once made they are binding on the parties and their successors.
what are subdivision bonuses
A subdivision bonus is the extension of development benefits beyond those normally offered in exchange for enhancements such as affordable housing, cluster housing, and open space preservation. The developer may receive assistance with infrastructure, impact fees may be waived, or the ability to construct at a higher density may be granted.
What is the Triple bottom line and who coined it
John elkington
- Corporate profit
- One for people
- One for Planet
Who wrote about carrying capacity
Ian McHarg in Design with Nature
What is carrying capacity
Carrying capacity is a biological concept indicating the maximum population size of a species that could be sustained in perpetuity within the environment, given the availability of food, water, habitat, etc. The concept of carrying capacity is used in city planning to discuss the maximum population and employment that could be carried within a particular community. This can relate to the amount of land available for development, as well as infrastructure capacity. The term “carrying capacity” was first used in 1845 by the then U.S. Secretary of State James Buchanan. Ian McHarg wrote about the concept of carrying capacity in his book Design with Nature.
Origin Destination Survey
An Origin-Destination Survey will set up roadblocks along major routes. The imaginary line that denotes the boundary of the study area is known as the cordon line. Motorists within the cordon area can then be sampled and asked questions on where they are coming from (address or point of origin) and where they are going (destination)
Cross tabulation models
can also be used to estimate trip generation. They allow for estimates of trip generation rates based on land use type, purpose, or socioeconomic characteristics. Needless to say, trip generation estimates based on current data become less and less valid with age. When local surveys are unavailable due to time or monetary constraints, published rates are used to derive estimates. Trip generation models, tables, and surveys all have their own sources of error and should only be seen as estimates.
The Gravity Model
can be used to provide trip estimates based on the proportional attractiveness of the zone (the “gravitational pull”) and inversely proportional to the trip length.
Modal Split
how people get to where they want to go and form of transportation they use.
AADT
Average Annual Daily Traffic
Peak hour Volume
the hourly traffic during the peak period
Seasonal Hour Volume
the peak hour volume during different seasons
DHV
Design Hour Volume is the capacity of the roadway to handle traffic.
Traffic assignment
uses network models to predict the distribution of traffic for roadways.
VMT
vehicle miles traveled -
Arterial
Provides the highest level of service at the greatest speed for the longest uninterrupted distance, with some degree of access control.
Collector
Provides a less highly developed level of service at a lower speed for shorter distances by collecting traffic from local roads and connecting them with arterials.
Local Roads
Consists of all roads not defined as arterials or collectors; primarily provides access to land with little or no through movement.
The minum street gradient in most areas
0.5%
maximum street gradient for areas with cold winters
5%
Levels of Service
range from A to F. An LOS of A means there is free-flowing traffic and F means heavy traffic congestion with severely reduced traffic speeds.
When was the Federal Aid Highway Act passed and what is it
In 1944 the Federal-Aid Highway Act was passed, designating 65,000 km of interstate highways. These highways, to be selected by state highway departments, authorized the highway system but did not provide funding.
required the creation of planning agencies that would be responsible for carrying out the required transportation planning processes and as a result, MPOs were established.
The Bureau of Public Roads
What requires a Transportation Improvement Program TIP for areas with populations of 200,000 or more?
Federal Highway Administration
Park and Ride
allows commuters to go from their home to a designated parking lot, where they then can either ride public transit or participate in a carpool.
Telecommuting
allows employees to work from home
Chicane
a series of staggered curb extensions on alternating sides of the roadway. Motorists reduce their speed by having to maneuver along the roadway.
What is the difference between a traffic circle and a roundabout
in a traffic circle, the inside lane cannot exit the circle and a series of T intersections.
A roundabout a series of crossing intersections controlled by yield signs
size and dimensions of a typical parking space
10 x 18 feet or 180 square feet
Concurrency
is the practice of requiring that infrastructure be in place and available at a specified level of service prior to allowing new development to occur.
Daylighting
the practice of placing windows, or other transparent media, and reflective surfaces so that natural light provides effective internal illumination during the day
Blue Infrastructure
water based infrastructure
What percentage of electricity in the U.S. is fueled by fossil fuels
62.7% fossil Fuels
What percentage of energy in U.S. is nuclear
20%
What percentage of energy is renewable in U.S.
17.1%
Biomass energy
turns renewable organic materials such as wood or ethanol into energy
Passive solar design
mitigates the building’s energy needs. The goal of passive design is to maximize the amount of direct sunlight available to each building—for example, orienting streets and front lot lines along the east-west axis. In colder climates, windows facing south can capture solar energy for daytime heating.
R-Value
Buildings are made more efficient by using insulation, which is rated in terms of thermal resistance, called R-value (the resistance to heat flow). The higher the R-value, the greater the insulation. A minimum R-value of 20 is recommended for residential use.
The Stafford Disaster Relief Act
“any occasion or instance for which, in the determination of the president, Federal assistance is needed to supplement State and local efforts and capabilities to save lives and protect property and public health and safety, or lessen or avert the threat of a catastrophe in any part of the United States.”
Resilience
Resilience refers to the ability of a community to return to its original form after it has been changed. Resiliency is often used to refer to a community’s ability to recover from a natural hazard, economic shock, or other major events. One example of resilience planning is the Resilience Building Coalition’s efforts to modify the design and building standards to make more resilient communities.
Substantial Damage
means damage of any origin sustained by a structure whereby the cost of restoring the structure to its before-damage condition would equal or exceed 50 percent of the market value or replacement cost of the structure before the damage occurred.
substantial improvement
is any reconstruction, rehabilitation addition, or other improvements of a structure, the cost of which equals or exceeds 50 percent of the market value of the structure before the start of construction of the improvement.
What are the 4 components of a FEMA hazard mitigation plan
- evaluation of natural hazard in area
- analysis of the state of local hazard management policies, programs
- Hazard mitigation goals and objectives
- Method of implementing the plan
The Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000
The Stafford Act was amended in the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000, which requires local governments to prepare and adopt hazard mitigation plans.
The Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 focuses on prevention. Before the act was signed, emergency managers’ planning usually focused on preparing for and responding to disasters. After the act passed, emergency managers began using a more proactive planning process. Leading their communities through that process resulted in FEMA-approved hazard mitigation plans. Plans are required to receive certain types of FEMA assistance.
When was the first earth day
April 22, 1970
The Metropolitan Water District of Southern California
The Metropolitan Water District of Southern California was established in 1927 to create the Colorado River Aqueduct. The Colorado River Aqueduct, a water pipeline to Los Angeles, was built between 1933 and 1941 and is owned and operated by the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California.
When did Rachel Carson write Silent Spring
1962
Effluent Standards
set restrictions on the discharge of pollutants into the environment
Point Source Pollution
discharge from a specific site
non-point source pollution
contaminated runoff from many sources
Potable water
water that is safe to drink