AREAS OF PRACTICE Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 5 Basic steps of plan-making for comprehensive planning?
A
- Identify stakeholders
- Define Goals
- Gather information and analysis
- Develop Alternatives
- Select an alternative
2
Q
Who conducts most corridor transportation planning?
A
Metropolitan Planning Organization
3
Q
What is Integrated Corridor Management
A
At the NATIONAL level, it is the efficient movement of people and goods through institutional collaboration and aggressive, proactive integration of existing infrastructure along major corridors.
4
Q
What is the National Scenic Byways Program
A
developed by the Federal Highway Commission in 1992, to designate and fund enhancements of scenic highways across the U.S.
5
Q
What is a Greenbelt
A
undeveloped natural land areas that have been set aside for the purposes of open space and recreation, linking urban residents with nature.
6
Q
What are National Heritage Areas, and who are they designated by?
A
places where natural, cultural and historic resources combine to form a cohesive NATIONALLY important landscape.
Designated by CONGRESS
7
Q
Who founded neighborhood planning?
A
Chicago School sociologists:
Robert Park and E.W. Burgess
8
Q
5 Characteristics of an Edge City
A
- Must have more than 5M square feet of Office Space
- More than 600 SF of retail space
- More jobs than bedrooms
- Perceived by the population as one place
- Must have been nothing like a city 30 years earlier
9
Q
Who coined “Edge City”
A
Joel Garreau
10
Q
What scale does the USGS use?
A
1:24,000
11
Q
What does 1:24,000 mean
A
1 inch represents 2,000 lineal feet
12
Q
what does 1:62,500 mean
A
1 inch represents 0.98 miles
13
Q
what does 1:500,000 mean
A
1 inch equals 7.89 miles
14
Q
what does 1:2,000,000 mean
A
1 inch equals 31.57 miles
15
Q
slope of 0-.05%
A
no drainage, not suited for development
16
Q
slope of 0.5-1%
A
no problems, ideal for all types of development
17
Q
slope of 1-3%
A
slight problems for large commercial areas, acceptable for residential
18
Q
3-5% slopes
A
major problems for commercial/industrial/large scale residential
19
Q
5-10% slopes
A
suitable only for specially designed development
20
Q
how many feet in one mile?
A
5,280 feet
21
Q
three types of projection methods
A
Conic
Cylindrical
Planar
22
Q
What is Floor Area Ratio
A
the ratio of the gross floor area of a building to the ground area.
23
Q
When did subdivisions first appear in the U.S.
A
1660
24
Q
What is a subdivision
A
is the division of land into two or more parcels, sites, or lots, for the purpose of transfer of ownership, development, or other forms of valuable interest. This definition varies from state to state and may include minimum acreage requirements.
25
What is a plat
a map of a tract or parcel of land
26
What is a replat
allows for lots to be subdivided further or added back together
27
what is an amending plat
corrects errors or adds additional information to the plat
28
what is a vacating plat
allows for a plat to be terminated prior to the selling of any lots.
29
What is a Preliminary Plat
is a to-scale mechanical drawing with precise topography and prescribed intervals showing the calculated location of all lots, streets, drainage patterns, facilities, and proposed dedications.
30
What is a Final Plat
is the approved preliminary plat with all bearing, monuments, curves, and notations, together with all dedications, easement, and approvals.
31
Who ultimately needs to approve a prelim and final plat map?
Planning Commission
32
What is a performance bond?
A performance bond is an agreement between the property owner and the community to ensure that the final plat is built as shown on the drawings within a certain time period. If the developer fails to meet the requirements, the government may use the bond to cover the cost of constructing the improvements. The bond is released once the improvements are in place and have been inspected by the local government.
33
What are dedications
gifts of land for public purposes such as roads, parks, and utilities. frequently required by city during the subdivision process.
34
What is a development agreement
a VOLUNTARY contract between a local jurisdiction and a property owner detailing the obligations of both parties and specifying the standards and conditions that will govern development of the property. Although the agreements are voluntary, once made they are binding on the parties and their successors.
35
what are subdivision bonuses
A subdivision bonus is the extension of development benefits beyond those normally offered in exchange for enhancements such as affordable housing, cluster housing, and open space preservation. The developer may receive assistance with infrastructure, impact fees may be waived, or the ability to construct at a higher density may be granted.
36
What is the Triple bottom line and who coined it
John elkington
1. Corporate profit
2. One for people
3. One for Planet
37
Who wrote about carrying capacity
Ian McHarg in Design with Nature
38
What is carrying capacity
Carrying capacity is a biological concept indicating the maximum population size of a species that could be sustained in perpetuity within the environment, given the availability of food, water, habitat, etc. The concept of carrying capacity is used in city planning to discuss the maximum population and employment that could be carried within a particular community. This can relate to the amount of land available for development, as well as infrastructure capacity. The term "carrying capacity" was first used in 1845 by the then U.S. Secretary of State James Buchanan. Ian McHarg wrote about the concept of carrying capacity in his book Design with Nature.
39
Origin Destination Survey
An Origin-Destination Survey will set up roadblocks along major routes. The imaginary line that denotes the boundary of the study area is known as the cordon line. Motorists within the cordon area can then be sampled and asked questions on where they are coming from (address or point of origin) and where they are going (destination)
40
Cross tabulation models
can also be used to estimate trip generation. They allow for estimates of trip generation rates based on land use type, purpose, or socioeconomic characteristics. Needless to say, trip generation estimates based on current data become less and less valid with age. When local surveys are unavailable due to time or monetary constraints, published rates are used to derive estimates. Trip generation models, tables, and surveys all have their own sources of error and should only be seen as estimates.
41
The Gravity Model
can be used to provide trip estimates based on the proportional attractiveness of the zone (the "gravitational pull") and inversely proportional to the trip length.
42
Modal Split
how people get to where they want to go and form of transportation they use.
43
AADT
Average Annual Daily Traffic
44
Peak hour Volume
the hourly traffic during the peak period
45
Seasonal Hour Volume
the peak hour volume during different seasons
46
DHV
Design Hour Volume is the capacity of the roadway to handle traffic.
47
Traffic assignment
uses network models to predict the distribution of traffic for roadways.
48
VMT
vehicle miles traveled -
49
Arterial
Provides the highest level of service at the greatest speed for the longest uninterrupted distance, with some degree of access control.
50
Collector
Provides a less highly developed level of service at a lower speed for shorter distances by collecting traffic from local roads and connecting them with arterials.
51
Local Roads
Consists of all roads not defined as arterials or collectors; primarily provides access to land with little or no through movement.
52
The minum street gradient in most areas
0.5%
53
maximum street gradient for areas with cold winters
5%
54
Levels of Service
range from A to F. An LOS of A means there is free-flowing traffic and F means heavy traffic congestion with severely reduced traffic speeds.
55
When was the Federal Aid Highway Act passed and what is it
In 1944 the Federal-Aid Highway Act was passed, designating 65,000 km of interstate highways. These highways, to be selected by state highway departments, authorized the highway system but did not provide funding.
56
required the creation of planning agencies that would be responsible for carrying out the required transportation planning processes and as a result, MPOs were established.
The Bureau of Public Roads
57
What requires a Transportation Improvement Program TIP for areas with populations of 200,000 or more?
Federal Highway Administration
58
Park and Ride
allows commuters to go from their home to a designated parking lot, where they then can either ride public transit or participate in a carpool.
59
Telecommuting
allows employees to work from home
60
Chicane
a series of staggered curb extensions on alternating sides of the roadway. Motorists reduce their speed by having to maneuver along the roadway.
61
What is the difference between a traffic circle and a roundabout
in a traffic circle, the inside lane cannot exit the circle and a series of T intersections.
A roundabout a series of crossing intersections controlled by yield signs
62
size and dimensions of a typical parking space
10 x 18 feet or 180 square feet
63
Concurrency
is the practice of requiring that infrastructure be in place and available at a specified level of service prior to allowing new development to occur.
64
Daylighting
the practice of placing windows, or other transparent media, and reflective surfaces so that natural light provides effective internal illumination during the day
65
Blue Infrastructure
water based infrastructure
66
What percentage of electricity in the U.S. is fueled by fossil fuels
62.7% fossil Fuels
67
What percentage of energy in U.S. is nuclear
20%
68
What percentage of energy is renewable in U.S.
17.1%
69
Biomass energy
turns renewable organic materials such as wood or ethanol into energy
70
Passive solar design
mitigates the building's energy needs. The goal of passive design is to maximize the amount of direct sunlight available to each building—for example, orienting streets and front lot lines along the east-west axis. In colder climates, windows facing south can capture solar energy for daytime heating.
71
R-Value
Buildings are made more efficient by using insulation, which is rated in terms of thermal resistance, called R-value (the resistance to heat flow). The higher the R-value, the greater the insulation. A minimum R-value of 20 is recommended for residential use.
72
The Stafford Disaster Relief Act
“any occasion or instance for which, in the determination of the president, Federal assistance is needed to supplement State and local efforts and capabilities to save lives and protect property and public health and safety, or lessen or avert the threat of a catastrophe in any part of the United States."
73
Resilience
Resilience refers to the ability of a community to return to its original form after it has been changed. Resiliency is often used to refer to a community’s ability to recover from a natural hazard, economic shock, or other major events. One example of resilience planning is the Resilience Building Coalition’s efforts to modify the design and building standards to make more resilient communities.
74
Substantial Damage
means damage of any origin sustained by a structure whereby the cost of restoring the structure to its before-damage condition would equal or exceed 50 percent of the market value or replacement cost of the structure before the damage occurred.
75
substantial improvement
is any reconstruction, rehabilitation addition, or other improvements of a structure, the cost of which equals or exceeds 50 percent of the market value of the structure before the start of construction of the improvement.
76
What are the 4 components of a FEMA hazard mitigation plan
1. evaluation of natural hazard in area
2. analysis of the state of local hazard management policies, programs
3. Hazard mitigation goals and objectives
4. Method of implementing the plan
77
The Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000
The Stafford Act was amended in the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000, which requires local governments to prepare and adopt hazard mitigation plans.
The Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 focuses on prevention. Before the act was signed, emergency managers’ planning usually focused on preparing for and responding to disasters. After the act passed, emergency managers began using a more proactive planning process. Leading their communities through that process resulted in FEMA-approved hazard mitigation plans. Plans are required to receive certain types of FEMA assistance.
78
When was the first earth day
April 22, 1970
79
The Metropolitan Water District of Southern California
The Metropolitan Water District of Southern California was established in 1927 to create the Colorado River Aqueduct. The Colorado River Aqueduct, a water pipeline to Los Angeles, was built between 1933 and 1941 and is owned and operated by the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California.
80
When did Rachel Carson write Silent Spring
1962
81
Effluent Standards
set restrictions on the discharge of pollutants into the environment
82
Point Source Pollution
discharge from a specific site
83
non-point source pollution
contaminated runoff from many sources
84
Potable water
water that is safe to drink
85
Aquifer
one or more strata of rock or sediment that is saturated with water
86
Estuary
an area where freshwater meets saltwater
87
Water pressure and atmospheric pressure are equal where?
water table
88
When was the Clean Water Act passed?
1972
89
What did the Clean Water Act require?
requires anyone wanting to discharge pollutants into a body of water to obtain a permit.
90
When was the Clean Air Act passed?
1970
91
what does the Clean Air Act require?
requires a permit to release pollutants into the air.
92
When was NEPA passed
1969
93
What does NEPA require
NEPA requires federal agencies to prepare an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) for all major federal actions that could significantly affect the quality of the human environment. Not all federal actions require a full EIS. Agencies can first prepare a smaller, shorter document called an Environmental Assessment (EA). The finding of the EA determines whether an EIS is required. If the EA indicates that no significant impact is likely, then the agency can release a finding of no significant impact (FONSI) and carry on with the proposed action. Otherwise, the agency must then conduct a full-scale EIS. Most EAs result in a FONSI.
94
The Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899
The Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899 (considered the oldest environmental law in the United States) prohibited the construction of any bridge, dam, dike, or causeway over any navigable waterway in the country without Congressional approval. The act also required Congressional approval for all wharves, piers, jetties, and the excavation or fill of navigable waters.
95
The Water Pollution Control Act of 1948
The Water Pollution Control Act of 1948 allowed the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service, in cooperation with other governmental entities, to prepare a comprehensive program for eliminating or reducing the pollution of interstate waters and tributaries and improving the sanitary condition of surface and underground waters. The act allowed the Federal Works Administrator to assist government agencies in constructing treatment plants that could help to prevent discharges of inadequately treated sewage and other wastes into interstate waters or tributaries
96
The Water Quality Act of 1965
The Water Quality Act of 1965 established the Water Pollution Control Administration within the Department of the Interior. This was the first time water quality was treated as an environmental concern rather than a public health concern.
97
The Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972
focused on polluted runoff in 29 coastal states
98
The Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972
The Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972 amended the Water Pollutant Act of 1948. The amendments broadened the government's authority over water pollution and restructured the authority for water pollution under the Environmental Protection Agency. The act changed the enforcement from water quality standards to regulate the number of pollutants being discharged from particular point sources.
99
Endangered Species Act of 1973
provides protection of animal and plant species that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service designates as threatened or endangered. This act was later amended in 1988.
100
SUPERFUND is the common name for...
CERCLA
The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) of 1980 created a $1.6 billion Superfund to clean up abandoned hazardous waste sites and requires major industries to report annual releases of toxic wastes into the air, water, or ground. Superfund is the common name for CERCLA. There are more than 1,200 superfund sites across the United States. A tax on the petroleum and chemical industries provides funding to help pay for the cleanup of superfund sites.
101
The Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976
The Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976 provided EPA with responsibility for reporting, record-keeping, testing requirements, and restrictions relating to chemical substances and/or mixtures. Certain substances are generally excluded, including food, drugs, cosmetics, and pesticides.
102
When was the Safe Drinking Water Act passed
1974
103
Executive Order 12898
Executive Order 12898, issued by President Clinton in 1994, requires that federal agencies strive to make achieving environmental justice part of their mission by addressing the disproportionate adverse environmental and human health impacts of its policies, programs, and activities on minority and low-income populations. The EPA's Office of Environmental Justice guides government agencies in meeting environmental justice goals. Environmental justice is an issue in local land use planning decisions, for example in the siting of a toxic waste facility or other locally undesirable land use (LULU).
104
Fiscal Impact analysis is aka as
Cost-revenue analysis
105
What is Fiscal impact Analysis
used to estimate the COSTS AND REVENUES of a proposed development on local government.
106
The 4 Methods of Fiscal Impact Analysis
Average Per Capita
Adjusted Per Capita
Disaggregated Per Capita
Dynamic Method
107
Average Per Capita Method
This is the simplest method of fiscal impact analysis, but it is also the least reliable. It divides the total local budget by the existing population in a city to determine the average per capita cost for the jurisdiction. The result is multiplied by the expected new population associated with the new development. The major problem with this method is that it assumes the cost of service to a new development is the same as the cost to service to the existing community, which might may not be necessarily true.
108
Adjusted Per Capita Method
The Adjusted Per Capita Method uses the figure calculated above and adjusts this based on expectations about the new development. This relies on subjective judgment.
109
Disaggregated Per Capita Method
The Disaggregated Method estimates the costs and revenues based on major land uses, for example, the cost of servicing a shopping center versus an apartment complex.
110
Dynamic Method
The Dynamic Method applies statistical analysis to time-series data from a jurisdiction. This method determines, for example, how much sales tax revenue is generated per capita from a grocery store and applies this to the new development. This method requires more data and time to conduct than other methods.
111
The Multiplier Effect
how certain jobs drive demand for even mor jobs
112
Enterprise Zones
geographic areas in which companies can qualify for a variety of subsidies. Used to encourage business to locate in low income or depressed areas of a city.
113
Context Sensitive Design
Context-Sensitive Design (CSD) refers to roadway standards and development practices that are flexible and sensitive to community values. CSD allows design decisions to better balance economic, social, and environmental objectives within the community. It promotes several key principles:
Balance safety, community, and environmental goals in all projects;
Involve the public and affected agencies early and continuously;
Use an interdisciplinary team tailored to project needs;
Apply flexibility inherent in design standards;
Incorporate aesthetics as an integral part of good design.
114
Form Based Codes
A form-based code is a type of zoning code that regulates development to achieve a specific urban form. Form-based codes address the relationship between building facades and the public realm, the form and mass of buildings in relation to one another, and the scale and types of streets and blocks. See how Cincinnati created "a place-and form-based approach to the Comprehensive Plan."
115
Tactical Urbanism
(aka DIY Urbanism, Planning-by-Doing, Urban Acupuncture, or Urban Prototyping) refers to low-cost, temporary changes to the urban environment intended to demonstrate the potential impacts of change, for example, adding a temporary bicycle lane, street furniture, or turning empty storefronts into pop-up shops. "Park(ing) Day," which turns parking spaces into temporary park spaces, is one example of tactical urbanism.
116
Tenement Housing Act of 1867
The first major housing code in the U.S. that required all rooms in tenements to have windows, but did not require them to open to the outside.
117
Tenement Housing Act of 1879
Required windows open to the OUTSIDE AIR, addressed prior act's shortcomings.
resulted in DUBBELL TENEMENT HOUSING with open shafts.
118
OLD LAW TENEMENTS
1879 TO 1901, BEGAN with the Tenement Housing Act of 1879 which created dumbell tenements with window shafts.
119
NEW LAW TENEMENTS
Tenement House Law of 1901
OUTLAWED dumbbell tenements
120
Clarence Perry published the Neighborhood Unit concept as part of what plan
Regional Plan of New York and its Environs
121
Which program created the Section 8 housing program
Community Development Block Grant Program (CDGB) 1974
122
Which act sought to reverse the effects of redlining
Community Reinvestment Act of 1977
The Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) is a federal law enacted in 1977 to encourage banks to meet the credit needs of low- and moderate-income neighborhoods. One of the aims of the CRA was to reverse the effects of redlining, a highly discriminatory practice in which banks restricted lending in areas they deemed too risky (most often this applied to African-American neighborhoods). The CRA requires federal regulators to assess how well each bank fulfills its obligations to low and moderate-income neighborhoods.
123
Urban Development Action Grant Program - UDAG
The Urban Development Action Grant Program (UDAG) was authorized under the 1977 amendments to the 1974 Housing and Community Development Act. The UDAG program promoted public-private partnerships for the redevelopment of urban areas. It also required intergovernmental cooperation in the placement of projects. Finally, UDAG cut funding for the Section 701 comprehensive planning program.
124
National Affordable Housing Act of 1990
created the HOME program which provides funds for housing rehabilitation.
125
HOPE VI
In 1992, HOPE VI was passed by Congress. The HOPE VI grant program provided funds for the redevelopment of severely distressed public housing. It also allowed for the demolition of public housing as well as the construction of new public housing in mixed-income neighborhoods, following the principles of New Urbanism. HOPE VI has dispersed public housing from previously concentrated locations.
126
Consolidated Plan
Beginning in 1995, HUD required local communities to prepare a Consolidated Plan to receive funding from HUD programs. The consolidated planning process replaces the planning and application requirements for the following:
Community Development Block Grant (CDBG)
HOME Investment Partnership Program (HOME)
Emergency Shelter Grant (ESG)
Housing Opportunities for Persons with AIDS (HOPWA)
The Consolidated Plan is both a process and a document. It is a process through which a community identifies its housing, homeless, and community development needs, establishes multi-year goals, and lays out an annual action plan. A consolidated plan is also a public document that details a community's community development and housing profile. For more detailed information about Consolidated Plans, visit the HUD Consolidated Plan homepage.
127
Sweat Equity
Sweat equity is the interest or increased value in a property earned from labor put toward the restoration of a property. Habitat for Humanity is an example of a sweat equity program, helping families become homeowners by contributing hours of labor towards the construction of a home.
128
Urban Homesteading
rban homesteading has been used by a number of cities to encourage residents to occupy and renovate vacant properties. HUD allows for federally owned properties to be sold to homesteaders.
129
Workforce Housing
Workforce housing is a term used for subsidized housing meant for teachers, nurses, police officers, and others in the workforce. The term is popular because it is seen as having less social stigma than "affordable housing."
130
By 2030, people over 65 will compromise what percent of the U.S. population
20%
131
Colonias
Colonias are unincorporated subdivisions with little or no infrastructure sold to low-income individuals. Colonias are located in Arizona, California, New Mexico, and Texas, and their residents are predominantly Hispanic. Colonias have grown as a result of a limited supply of adequate, affordable housing near the Mexico border.
132
When was Pruit Igoe demolished
1972
133
Which act created the Fair Housing Act
The Civil Rights Act of 1968 made racial discrimination in the sale or rental of housing illegal. Title VIII and Title IX of the Civil Rights Act of 1968 comprise the Fair Housing Act (FHA). The Fair Housing Act expanded on previous acts to prohibit discrimination concerning the sale, rental, and financing of housing based on race, religion, national origin, and, since 1974, sex. Since 1988, the act protects people with disabilities and families with children.
134
National Housing Act 1934
In 1934, the National Housing Act was passed by Congress. It established the Federal Housing Administration with the purpose of insuring home mortgages.
135
Housing Act of 1937
In 1937, the U.S. Housing Act provided $500 million in home loans for the development of low-cost housing. This act tied slum clearance to public housing. In addition, Section 8 of the Housing Act of 1937 authorized project-based rental assistance where the owner reserves some or all of the units in a building for low-income tenants (later, the 1974 Housing Act amended the 1937 act to create what is known as "Section 8 Housing").
136
Housing Act of 1949
The Housing Act of 1949 was the first comprehensive housing legislation passed in the United States. The act called for the construction of 800,000 new housing units and emphasized slum clearance.
137
Housing Act of 1954
The Housing Act of 1954 called for slum prevention and urban renewal. Additionally, the act provided funding for planning for cities under 25,000 population. Section 701 funds were later expanded to allow for statewide, interstate, and regional planning.
138
Housing Act of 1959
The Housing Act of 1959 made federal matching funds available for comprehensive planning at the metropolitan, regional, state, and interstate levels.
139
Housing Act of 1961
The Housing Act of 1961 provided interest subsidies to nonprofit organizations, limited-dividend corporations, cooperatives, and public agencies for the construction of public housing projects for low and moderate income families to rent.
140
When was the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) created
In 1965, the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) was formed through the Housing and Urban Development Act of 1965. The act also put into place rent subsidies for the poor, home loans at reduced interest rates, and subsidies for public housing projects.
141
What was the first national park and when was it designated
Yellowstone, 1872
142
National Park Service, what year was it created and who
created in 1916 signed by Woodrow Wilson, The Organic Act of 1916
143
John Muir
was an early advocate for the creation of a national park system. He wrote extensively for popular publications, bringing national attention to sites that would ultimately become national parks, including Glacier Bay and Mount Rainier. He also championed protecting the Petrified Forest and the Grand Canyon.
144
How many national parks did Theodore Roosevelt create
Theodore Roosevelt created five national parks and signed the Antiquities Act in 1906, which created 18 national monuments, including the Grand Canyon. He created 51 federal bird sanctuaries, four national game refuges, and more than 100 million acres of national forests.
145
Which National Parks did FDR help create
Kings Canyon and Olympic National Park
Great Smokey Mountains National Park
146
Parkscore
A ParkScore is a rating system for the 100 largest U.S. cities, developed by the Trust for Public Land. The four characteristics analyzed for a ParkScore are acreage, investment, amenities, and access. More on ParkScore can be viewed here.
147
Viewshed
A viewshed is the area visible through a line of site from a location. Napa County, California has a viewshed ordinance to protect views from certain locations in the county.
148
Sending Zone
Sending zone: The environmental protection zone where development rights are separated. It is called a sending zone because the development rights are "sent" out of it.
149
Receiving Zone
Receiving zone: A zone where a developer buys a right to build more units than currently permitted in the local zoning ordinance. These zones "receive" development rights.
150
The Antiquities Act of 1906
The Antiquities Act of 1906 established that archeological sites on public lands are public resources and obligated federal agencies to preserve sites for future generations. Additionally, the law authorizes the president of the United States to protect landmarks, structures, and objects of historic or scientific interest by designating them as National Monuments. For example, in 2016, President Obama designated the Mojave Trails National Monument, which contains 1.6 million acres of ancient lava flows and sand dunes.
151
The Organics Act of 1916
Established the national park service to manage national parks and national monuments
152
The Historic Sites Act of 1935
The Historic Sites Act of 1935 sought to organize federally owned parks, monuments, and historic sites under the National Park Service. It also declared a national policy to preserve historic sites, buildings, and objects of national importance for public use.
153
The Wilderness Act of 1964
The Wilderness Act of 1964 created the National Wilderness Preservation System. The act defined wilderness as “an area of undeveloped Federal land retaining its primeval character and influence without permanent improvements or human habitation.” According to the National Park Service, as of 2016, there are more than 106 million acres of federal public lands designated as wilderness.
154
The National Wild and Scenic River Act of 1968
The National Wild and Scenic River Act of 1968 seeks to preserve rivers with outstanding natural, cultural, and recreational values in a free-flowing condition for the enjoyment of current and future generations. Wild and scenic rivers are designated by Congress. As of 2018, the National System protected 12,754 miles on 209 rivers in 40 states and Puerto Rico.
155
Community Supported Agriculture
Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) is a 20-year-old movement to connect farmers to consumers. Farmers sell shares of their harvest to consumers at the beginning of the growing season. Shareholders receive a weekly allotment of fresh produce from the farm, which can vary based on the productivity of the farm.
156
Agricultural Land Trust
An Agricultural Land Trust identifies agricultural lands that should be preserved, and works with farm owners to participate in the trust via a conservation easement—an agreement between a landowner and a land trust (or conservation group or government agency) regarding the future uses of a private property.
157
Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System
The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System is a phone survey to collect state-level data on the prevalence of behavioral risks among adults. For example, the survey asks about smoking and physical activity.
158
Where did Davidoff crystallize his ADVOCACY PLANNING concept
1965, Journal of the American Institute of Planners published article "Advocacy and Pluralism in Planning"
159
Normal Krumholz
Cleveland Equity Planning
160
Myron Orfield
Wrote Metropolitics
About Twin cities region, major study of fiscal disparitites
161
Peter Calthorpe
Regionalism
162
The Metropolitan Planning Organization ISTEA Model
Unified Planning Work Program > Regional Transportation Plan > Transportation Improvement Program
163
FEMA National Flood Insurance Program
aims to reduce the impact of flooding on private and public structures.
164
What is a generally high measure for noise
70 decibels = noise disturbance
165
When was NEPA passed
1969
166
C.A.F.E Standards
Corporate Average Fuel Efficiency Standards - 1975
Corporate Fuel Economy Standards, set up in the 70's
FOR CAR COMPANIES, fuel efficiencies for cars, i.e. certain amount of mpg per car.
167
The transportation sector is responsible for how much of overall greenhouse gas emissions?
1/3 of greenhouse gas emissions
168
LOS and different levels
Levels of Service
A way of measuring traffic flow:
A. free flow, with low volumes and high speeds
B. reasonably free flow
C. stable flow, at or near free flow
D. Approaching unstable flow
E. unstable flow, operating at capacity
F. forced or breakdown flow.
169
Traffic Demand Model and different steps
Demand Model
1. Trip generation (volume of trip origins and destinations)
2. Trip distribution (across TAZ)
3. Modal Split
4. Trip assignment - pathways used by each trip
170
bulb out
an extension of a curb in the form of a bulb, usually at an intersection, that narrows vehicle pathway to slow speeds.
171
The high cost of free parking
book by Donald Shoup
"99% of parking in U.S. is free"
172
Federal Aid Highway Acts
1916-1987
Provided federal support for building roadways, for automobiles
173
National Interstate and Defense Highways Act
1956, created funding for interstate system, 90% funding match to build highways
174
Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1982
A bill to authorize appropriations for construction of certain highways in accordance with title 23, United States Code, for highway safety, for mass transportation in urban and rural areas, and for other purposes.
175
Surface Transportation and Uniform Relocation Assistance Act
1987
An act to authorize funds for construction of highways, for highway safety programs, and for mass transportation programs, to expand and improve the relocation assistance program, and for other purposes
176
Intermodal Surface transportation Efficiency Act
1991
called ICE-TEA
changed the paradigm how haw transportation planning work
how regions planned for funding.
In the past, the fed was puting 90% match
Starting in 1991, empowering regions to have a say in that process
177
Telecommunications Act of 1996
Ensured universal service
FCC and states implement the law
Preempts local regulation of cell towers, can't say no to cell tower.
178
Who coined the "Creative Class" Concept,
Book The rise of the Creative Class
RICHARD FLORIDA
economic development via focus on people
179
The Community Reinvestment Act
1977
In response to redlining,
banks were required to be willing to loan in certain areas in their city to reduce redlining
Distribute loans, provide banking services to ALL MEMBERS of a community.
Prohibits redlining
Banks must show CRA compliance
180
The Maker Movement
Anderson
Makers share three characteristics
1. people using digital desktop tools to create designs
2. a cultural norm to share and collaborate with online communities
3. The use of common design file standards that allow anyone to send designs to manufacturing services for production
181
General Obligation bonds
full faith and credit of government, full taxing power is behind repayment
182
Revenue bonds
backed by specific revenues
183
Privacy activity bonds
tax-exempt bonds in which proceeds are used to finance a private party and payments from that party are used to repay bond principal and interest.
184
Revolving Loan Funds
Lending to accomplish public policy purpose
-provide gap financing to applicants that meet that purpose
- market driven planning tool
- funds provided by grant funding and debt funding sources.
- Lending based on how much good can entrepreneurs do for the community. Willing to loan more than some banks may be.
185
Federal Community Development Block Grant
Authorized in 1974 to replace model cities program.
Part of Nixon's concept to get the feds out of local city-making.
simply gives eligible communities a set sum every year and allows them to invest as they see fit to benefit low-and moderate-income residents.
Significant HUD oversight role.
- can contribute to local businesses as development activity
- used to improve the community
186
The Economic Development Administration
Part of the U.S. Department of Commerce focused on private job creation through grants to local government.
- Regions develop Comprehensive Economic Development Strategies
- Local Government can get grants, such as for infrastructure, usually at $1.5 million or less
187
Tax Increment Financing
- Uses expected tax revenue to promote specific activities in an area through borrowing or spending
- Two basic types, credit enhancement, infrastructure
- Goes by a number of names DISTRICT INCREMENT FINANCING, COMMUNITY REDEVELOPMENT AREAS, OTHERS.
-Emerged as federal funding for urban redevelopment declined in the 70's
USING EXPECTED TAX REVENUES/GROWTH TO FINANCE PROJECTS
TIF District is created, requires legislative vote by City Council and often approval of plan.
- developer may initiate
- city may initiate based on strong vision or plan, or desire to build something
- Many states have a "BUT FOR" REQUIREMENT, hard to prove.
188
Capture Rate
Often it is only a percentage of a new growth that is sequestered for financing, the "capture rate.
- Associated with Tax Increment Financing.
- May only Finance against a portion of expected revenues, into the TIF fund.
189
How often is an Economic Census done
every five years
stats for U.S., states, metro areas, counties, and cities
190
Economic Base Analysis
separates the economy into BASIC AND NON-BASIC
Total = Basic + non-basic
basic = exports, brings money in from the outside
non basic = local/service, recirculates the outside money.
Economic Base Multiplier
Multiplier = total/basic
191
Location Quotient
to figure out what in your region is an importing job v. an exporting job.
- relative share of sector in region compared to relative share of sector in nation.
- based on employment figures
- identifies export activities or activities where the region has more jobs in the sector than would be expected.
LQi - (LOCALi/local)/(NATIONALi/NATIONAL)
More than 1, your economy is strong in that are, less than 1, your economy is week.
i.e DETROIT used to have a very strong LOCATION QUOTIENT for car manufacturing.
192
Input-output Analysis Econometric Models
General Equilibrium Model of an Economy (Leontieff)
- many assumptions
-fixed technology
- total production = intermediate production + final demand
Input-output tables
transaction table = inter-industry flows (who buys from whom)
-technical coefficients table = proportion of inputs
193
Shift Share Analysis
Decomposition of Employment Growth by sector
national component (share)
industry component (mix)
regional component(shift)
- separate out national and industry trends
- use regional shift to target leading sectors
194
how many square miles is one acre
640 square miles
195
how many SF in one acre
43,560
196
Figure-ground map
white spaces for buildings, black spaces for negative space between buildings
197
National Housing Act of 1934
Federal Housing Administration (FHA)
Part of the New Deal
Goal: Make housing and home mortgages affordable
stimulated single-family home ownership
198
National Housing Act of 1937
supported by Catherine Bauer and other progressives
Section 8 Housing
Created the US Housing Authority to construct public housing
199
National Housing act of 1949
Federal funding for slum clearance
Increased FHA mortgage insurance program
created 810,000 public housing units
200
National Housing Act of 1954
Section 701 comprehensive planning program
- Pruit Igoe
- Built 1955-56
Demolished 1972
201
Who gets CDBGs
Metropolitan cities of at least 50,000 population, and suburban counties of at least 200,000
Also, Principle cities of MSA's
Distributed on a formula including age of housing stock , amount of income of low-income residents, other factors.
- State also gets a grant for regranting to other communities.
202
Home Investment Partnership Program (HOME)
Financing for low-income housing
Generally, units must be affordable to households at 60% of "area median income" as defined by HUD
For projects with five or more HOME assisted units, 20% of the units must be affordable to households below 50% AMI
Home ownership projects can sometimes be up to 80% AMI
203
What does affordable generally mean for housing affordability
generally no more than 30% of a household income on rent/mortgage
204
Home Consortia
Contiguous groups of communities can pool their resources and join a consortium, administered by a lead agency
Even if the communities are not individually eligible for HOME funds
Can spend as a group, so projects in the entire region can use funds collectively.
205
Davis-Bacon Laws
Wage rules at the federal level, the people working on the site will make livable wages based on certain standards.
206
The Gautreaux Lawsuit
US Supreme court case Chicago Housing Authority ordered to provide scattered-site housing
Gautreaux Program, 1976, use section 8 vouchers to rent in white, suburban areas.
you shouldn't just concentrate low income housing in low-income communities.
207
Hope VI Housing
tearing down distressed housing and replacing them with mixed income developments.
popular in the 90's
208
Choice Neighborhood Program
The Choice Neighborhoods program leverages significant public and private dollars to support locally driven strategies that address struggling neighborhoods with distressed public or HUD-assisted housing through a comprehensive approach to neighborhood transformation. Local leaders, residents, and stakeholders, such as public housing authorities, cities, schools, police, business owners, nonprofits, and private developers, come together to create and implement a plan that revitalizes distressed HUD housing and addresses the challenges in the surrounding neighborhood. The program helps communities transform neighborhoods by revitalizing severely distressed public and/or assisted housing and catalyzing critical improvements in the neighborhood, including vacant property, housing, businesses, services and schools.
209
Promise Zones
Promise Zones are a federal program led by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). The competitively awarded Promise Zone designation streamlines resources to high-poverty communities by pairing federal government partners with local leaders to deliver 10 years of comprehensive support. The program is designed to create jobs; increase economic activity; improve educational outcomes; increase access to affordable housing; reduce serious and violent crime; enhance public health and address other priorities identified by the community. There are four Promise Zone designations in California. Click on the links below to explore their work and impact.
210
How many households are living in public housing units nationwide
1.2 Million households
211
Low Income Housing Tax Credit (LI-TEC)
NOT a HUD program
Largest funding source of affordable housing
Tax reform act, 1986
Allows investors to take federal tax credit
Competitive allocation via State Qualified Allocation Plans
National Housing Trust Fund, 2008, Managed by HUD
Allows states to distribute tax credits to developers, who can then sell them to other private developers.
Tax credits generally cost about .80 cents on the dollar
