FINAL DECK Flashcards
What is ADT
Average Daily Traffic is the measure most commonly used for traffic volume
How many acres in one Hectare
2.47 AC
What housing affordability ratio indicates unaffordable housing
median housing price to median income, A ratio greater than 2.5 indicates housing is unaffordable.
Who worked on the Cincinnati Comprehensive Plan
Alfred Bettman and Ladislas Segoe
who presented their argument to the supreme court in Ambler V. Euclid
Alfred Bettman
Cheney v. Village 2 at New Hope
In the case Cheney v. Village 2 at New Hope, the Pennsylvania State Court in 1968 found that planned unit developments are acceptable if the regulations focus on density requirements rather than specific rules for each lot.
It was Held that ordinances creating a Planned Unit Development District and rezoning residential land to PUD did not constitute spot zoning.
it was Held that (1} the ordinances are valid, and (2) the borough planning commission has the power to approve development plans submitted to it under a specific ordinance.
What percentage of households are multigenerational
20%
State Implementation Plans (SIP)
States are required to develop a state implementation plan (SIP) for air quality. These air quality plans must include the following: Provisions for ozone nonattainment areas, provisions for carbon monoxide nonattainment areas, provisions for particulate matter nonattainment, and provisions for designated nonattainment for sulfur oxides, nitrogen dioxide, or lead. Transportation is a major source of air pollution—for example carbon monoxide, which is required to be addressed as part of the state implementation plan. Regional transportation plans and improvement programs would be expected to be included in an SIP.
Who was the co-founder of the Regional Planning Association of America?
Clarence Stein
Which city is home to the first HISTORIC PRESERVATION commission in the U.S.
New Orleans, 1924
What is CORBOR
he National Corridor Planning and Development Program and the Coordinated Border Infrastructure Program provided funding between 1999 and 2005, but was discontinued under The Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act and the Coordinated Border Infrastructure Program. (https://highways.dot.gov/public-roads/septoct-1999/corbor-improves-safety-mobility-and-productivity)
Oregon Measure 37
Oregon’s Measure 37 requires a landowner to be compensated if a land regulation results in a devaluation of the property—if they were the owner at the time the regulation was put in place.
4 Types of research design
Randomized Experiments
Quasi-Experiments
Natural Experiments
Non-Experiments
Quasi-Experiment
test hypotheses about causes and include a control group and frequently pretest measurements that are compared with posttest responses after the treatment.
i.e. comparing modes of travel in transit corridor before and after light rail line.
Prescriptive Easement
A prescriptive easement is typically obtained under principles of adverse possession, i.e., a prescriptive easement can be earned through the ongoing and regular use of an otherwise unused property. A prescriptive easement allows the right to use the property and does not allow the farmer to gain title to the land.
First Major textbook on City Planning
Carry out the City Plan, By Flavel Shurtleff
Who wrote PLANNING OF A MODERN CITY
Nelson Lewis 1916
The Act required cities to develop comprehensive plans and provided funding for planning under Section 701. One of the problems with the 701 plan is that it led to the creation of plans for the purpose of acquiring federal funds rather than trying to truly plan for communities.
The U.S. Housing Act of 1954
Three Garden Cities
Letchworth
Welwyn
Wythenshawe
Father of Regional Planning
Paul Gedes
Sherry Arnsteins 3 Levels of Public Participation
non-participation
Tokenism
Citizen Power
Sherry Arnstein 3 types of tokenism
Informing
Consultation
Placation
Sherry Arnsteins 3 types of citizen power
Partnership
Delegated Power
Citizen Control
Sherry Arnsteins two types of non participation
Manipulation
Therapy
Facilitation
uses a person who does not have a direct stake in the outcome of a meeting to help groups that disagree work together to solve complex problems and come to a consensus. The facilitator is typically a volunteer from the community who is respected by all groups. In some cases, a professional facilitator is hired to assist in running the meeting.
What is the ideal committee size
9-15
Process Evaluation
Done at the beginning and throughout the engagement process.
involves collecting data in the planning and implementation phases, such as frequency and content of planning meetings, inclusiveness of process, and diversity/representativeness of planners.
Outcome Evaluation
assesses change resulting from community engagement, such as change in the way people engage with each other and change resulting from their engagement. Evaluation might involve collecting individual or community level changes in how people engage with each other. Outcome evaluation is conducted at the end of an engagement process. Outcome evaluation answers the question: To what extent are people in the community engaged?
Impact Evaluation
seeks to establish evidence of causality. It requires random assignment of participants and the use of an intervention group and a control group. This evaluation can be more challenging to implement and costly to do because of the prerequisites needed to be able to conduct it effectively (having a long-standing community engagement program with a lot of data already collected, previous evaluations, and significant time, financial and human
capacity to conduct the evaluation). This type of evaluation answers the question: To what extent can community change be attributed to community engagement?
Fishbowl Method
arranging small group conversations
4 Recommended environmental justice policies
encourage triple bottom-line outcomes;
give deference to local knowledge;
encourage collaborative problem-solving;
organize and support pro-bono planning efforts.
What is a cartogram
A cartogram is a map in which the geometry of regions is distorted in order to convey the information of an alternate variable. The region area will be inflated or deflated according to its numeric value.
What is loss aversion
a phenomenon where a real or potential loss is perceived by individuals as psychologically or emotionally more severe than an equivalent gain.
What is selection Bias
Selection bias is a distortion in a measure of association (such as a risk ratio) due to a sample selection that does not accurately reflect the target population.
Survivorship bias
Survivorship bias is a type of sample selection bias that occurs when an individual mistakes a visible successful subgroup as the entire group. In other words, survivorship bias occurs when an individual only considers the surviving observation without considering those data points that didn’t “survive” in the event.
i.e. 1 person made it to the top of Everest, therefore anyone can, when 99% failed.
Special districts
an independent unit of local government often created by referendum and organized to perform government functions in a specific geographic area. They usually have the power to incur debt and levy taxes. These are similar to single-purpose local governments but different state laws may utilize one term or the other in specific circumstances.
How many tribal governments in the country
583
Williams V. Lee
1959 case Williams v. Lee, tribes possess “the right … to make their own laws and be ruled by them.”
The 4 requirements of issuing a zoning variance
There is a unique physical or economic hardship;
The variance will not result in a reduction in property values;
The property owner did not cause the need for the variance;
The variance is not contrary to the spirit of the zoning ordinance.
Which act gave birth to the CONSISTENCY DOCTRINE
Standard State Zoning Enabling Act, 1924
Conformance based evaluation
Conformance-based evaluation is more literal and sees planning as having the ability to control future development. Plans are viewed as blueprints, and the more outcomes (like land use patterns) conform with plans, the more successful the plan has been. One variation is to evaluate the achievement of goals like “improve access to parks”—access might be improved overall, but not in strict accordance with a land use plan.
Plan conformance - Performance Based evaluation
Performance-based evaluation views plans as decision-making tools more in line with the incrementalism of Charles E. Lindblom. The achievement of end-state goals are not the main concern. Any result that is deemed desirable could be considered a success.
What is a Floating Zone
in a zoning ordinance but not necessarily on the zoning map.
i.e. PUD
Spot Zoning
The process of singling out a small parcel of land for a use classification totally different from that of the surrounding area for the benefit of the owner of such property and to THE DETRIMENT OF OTHER OWNERS.
*the major deciding factor in determining spot zoning is if the rezoning is consistent with the comprehensive plan.
Tax incidence
which individuals bear the burden of a tax after the economy has adjusted to changes caused by the taxes
Laffer Curve
As you increase taxes, you reach a point where you collet the most taxes, then reduced demand will reduce tax revenue
Mill Rate
the tax rate for property taxes, a per 1000 ratio
Fiscal Impact Analysis
How a project impacts the city’s pocket book:
city’s property tax rate, revenues etc
average cost of educating each child
average cost per square foot of constructing a public building
would not involve looking at historic trends in assessed valuation
Credit Enhancement TIF
Give developers a tax break to encourage development
Infrastructure TIF
Borrows bonds against forecasted incremental tax revenues
Capture Rate
sometimes cities might not capture 100% of future tax increment, only borrow against 50% of future tax increments.
What does ZIP code stand for
zone Improvement plan code
Shift Share Analysis
technique that divides growth of any industry in a region into THREE COMPONENTS
Growth attributed to overall economy
growth attributed to growth in industry
growth that cannot be explained by economy/industry growth.
What is the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934
aimed at decreasing federal control of American Indian affairs and increasing Indian self government and responsibility.
Hass, Kates and Bowden
The Role of Planners in Post-Disaster Reconstruction
Reconstruction Following Disaster by Haas, Kates, and Bowden (1977) divides disaster into four overlapping phases of response and recovery.
The emergency period covers the initial hours or days following the disaster when the community is forced to cope with losses in lives and property.
The restoration period covers the time following the emergency period until major urban service and transportation are restored, evacuees returned, and rubble is removed.
During the replacement reconstruction period, the city rebuilds capital stock to pre-disaster levels and social and economic activities return to their previous levels.
Finally, in the commemorative, betterment, and developmental reconstruction period, major reconstruction activities take place and future growth and development begin to take hold.
Edwin Chadwick
English sanitary reformer, sewer systems 1842
Which act made the use of cost benefit analysis common in the U.S.
Federal Navigation act of 1936
This act required that the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers undertake waterway system projects when the total benefits exceed the costs of the project.
Who conceived the Cost Benefit Analysis
Jules Dupuit, 1848
What is the cost effectiveness analysis equation
methos for selecting competing projects when RESOURCES ARE LIMITED.
(Cost of New Strategy - cost of current practice)/(Effect of new strategy - effect of current practice)
Program Evaluation Review Technique (PERT)
scheduling method that graphically illustrates interrelationships of project tasks.
PERT is good to use when PRECISE TIME ESTIMATES ARE NOT AVAILABLE for project tasks.
Identify the specific activities and milestones;
Determine the proper sequence of the activities;
Construct a network diagram;
Determine the critical path;
Update the PERT chart as the project progresses.
Results Oriented Management and Accountability (ROMA)
Results Oriented Management and Accountability,
a sound management practice that incorporates the use of outcomes or results into the administration, management, and operation of community action agencies
Zero Based Budgeting
budget start at zero, and add on things you need, not necessarily what you did last year
Artificial Neural Networks
speech and pattern recognition
5 Levels of Vehicle Autonomy
Level 0 No automations
Level1 Driver Assistances
Level 2 Occasional self drivings
Level 3 Limited Self Drivings
Level 4 Full Self Driving under certain conditions
Level 5 Full self driving under all conditions
Three Cs of a staff report
Compliance
Consistency
Compatability
Jennifer Keesmaat
Toronto Chief Planner 2012-2017
Opposed Gardiner expressway plans promoted by mayor
What year did the term Smart Cities originate
2010, UK
What housing act focused on slum clearance
Housing act of 1949
Which housing act was about public housing
Housing Act of 1954
Housing act for fair housing
Housing Act of 1964
What month has the APA designated as NATIONAL COMMUNITY PLANNING MONTH
October
Apprx how many trips per day will be generated by SFR
9.52 trips per day
whose approach that has invitations sent out by the neighborhood or organization and a paid organizer is then sent to the neighborhood
Saul Alinsky
Polycentric Concept
Metropolitan regions developed into a series of centers
Clean Water Act
1972
The CWA made it unlawful to discharge any pollutant from a point source into navigable waters, unless a permit was obtained:
EPA’s National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit program controls discharges.
Point sources are discrete conveyances such as pipes or man-made ditches.
Individual homes that are connected to a municipal system, use a septic system, or do not have a surface discharge do not need a NPDES permit;
Industrial, municipal, and other facilities must obtain permits if their discharges go directly to surface waters.
Clean Air Act
1970
NAAQs and SIPs
One of the goals of the Act was to set and achieve NAAQS in every state by 1975 in order to address the public health and welfare risks posed by certain widespread air pollutants. The setting of these pollutant standards was coupled with directing the states to develop state implementation plans (SIPs), applicable to appropriate industrial sources in the state, in order to achieve these standards. The Act was amended in 1977 and 1990 primarily to set new goals (dates) for achieving attainment of NAAQS since many areas of the country had failed to meet the deadlines.
The Clean Air Act (CAA) is the comprehensive federal law that regulates air emissions from stationary and mobile sources. Among other things, this law authorizes EPA to establish National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) to protect public health and public welfare and to regulate emissions of hazardous air pollutants.
Coastal Act
These types of lakes have low supply of nutrients and contain little organic mater
Oligotrophic
A lake full of algea
Eutrophic
Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)
Project management tool
- Start general and work to more specific
- use a simple numbering system
- its size and complexity determined by the project
- Keep the deliverable in mind
Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949
Allows the federal govt to dispose of federal property
What city did Harland Bartholemew work for
Newark, New Jersey
Normal Krumholz
adopted equity planning in Cleveland during the 1970s
Who founded transactive Planning
John Friedmann
what percentage of the U.S. lives in urban areas
80%
When was the first census
1790
What is equity about
being “fair and impartial”
Calvert Cliffs v. U.S. Atomic Enegry Commission 1971
Overturned approval of nuclear plant because the AEC did not follow NEPA; gave NEPA strength
Moore v. City of East Cleveland (1977)
Cities cannot define “family” so that the definition prevents closely related individuals from living with each other
What cities did Clarence Stein design
Sunnyside Gardens and Radburn
Main Elements of a Smart City
integration of technology, community participation, nature
What pollutants does the Clean Air Act monitor?
Ozone
Particulate Matter
Carbon Monoxide
Nitrogen Dioxide
Sulfur Dioxide
Lead
First national park
Yellowstone, 1872
Adverse Possession
is a doctrine in which a person in possession of land owned by another person may acquire title to it as long as common law requirements are met and that person is in possession of the property for a sufficient period of time.
Plebiscite
A direct vote on an issue of all the members of an electorate on an important public question.
Aging in place…
allowing one to age in place in THEIR OWN HOME.
not senior living facilities
What is commonly used to resolve CONTRACT disputes
Arbitration
Beneficiary Assessments
Beneficiary assessments are used by the World Bank and other development organizations to make sure that project beneficiaries can provide insights on how a project will affect them, particularly the poor and those without political power. The technique solicits qualitative information about the development activity. This can include interviews, focus groups, and participant observations.
Charrette
A charrette is a type of participatory planning process that assembles an interdisciplinary team—typically consisting of planners, citizens, city officials, architects, landscape architects, transportation engineers, parks and recreation officials, and other stakeholders—to create a design and implementation plan for a specific project. It differs from a traditional community consultation process in that it is design-based. In addition, charrettes are usually compressed into a short period of time, unlike traditional planning exercises that can take a long time to be finalized.
