FINAL DECK Flashcards
What is ADT
Average Daily Traffic is the measure most commonly used for traffic volume
How many acres in one Hectare
2.47 AC
What housing affordability ratio indicates unaffordable housing
median housing price to median income, A ratio greater than 2.5 indicates housing is unaffordable.
Who worked on the Cincinnati Comprehensive Plan
Alfred Bettman and Ladislas Segoe
who presented their argument to the supreme court in Ambler V. Euclid
Alfred Bettman
Cheney v. Village 2 at New Hope
In the case Cheney v. Village 2 at New Hope, the Pennsylvania State Court in 1968 found that planned unit developments are acceptable if the regulations focus on density requirements rather than specific rules for each lot.
It was Held that ordinances creating a Planned Unit Development District and rezoning residential land to PUD did not constitute spot zoning.
it was Held that (1} the ordinances are valid, and (2) the borough planning commission has the power to approve development plans submitted to it under a specific ordinance.
What percentage of households are multigenerational
20%
State Implementation Plans (SIP)
States are required to develop a state implementation plan (SIP) for air quality. These air quality plans must include the following: Provisions for ozone nonattainment areas, provisions for carbon monoxide nonattainment areas, provisions for particulate matter nonattainment, and provisions for designated nonattainment for sulfur oxides, nitrogen dioxide, or lead. Transportation is a major source of air pollution—for example carbon monoxide, which is required to be addressed as part of the state implementation plan. Regional transportation plans and improvement programs would be expected to be included in an SIP.
Who was the co-founder of the Regional Planning Association of America?
Clarence Stein
Which city is home to the first HISTORIC PRESERVATION commission in the U.S.
New Orleans, 1924
What is CORBOR
he National Corridor Planning and Development Program and the Coordinated Border Infrastructure Program provided funding between 1999 and 2005, but was discontinued under The Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act and the Coordinated Border Infrastructure Program. (https://highways.dot.gov/public-roads/septoct-1999/corbor-improves-safety-mobility-and-productivity)
Oregon Measure 37
Oregon’s Measure 37 requires a landowner to be compensated if a land regulation results in a devaluation of the property—if they were the owner at the time the regulation was put in place.
4 Types of research design
Randomized Experiments
Quasi-Experiments
Natural Experiments
Non-Experiments
Quasi-Experiment
test hypotheses about causes and include a control group and frequently pretest measurements that are compared with posttest responses after the treatment.
i.e. comparing modes of travel in transit corridor before and after light rail line.
Prescriptive Easement
A prescriptive easement is typically obtained under principles of adverse possession, i.e., a prescriptive easement can be earned through the ongoing and regular use of an otherwise unused property. A prescriptive easement allows the right to use the property and does not allow the farmer to gain title to the land.
First Major textbook on City Planning
Carry out the City Plan, By Flavel Shurtleff
Who wrote PLANNING OF A MODERN CITY
Nelson Lewis 1916
The Act required cities to develop comprehensive plans and provided funding for planning under Section 701. One of the problems with the 701 plan is that it led to the creation of plans for the purpose of acquiring federal funds rather than trying to truly plan for communities.
The U.S. Housing Act of 1954
Three Garden Cities
Letchworth
Welwyn
Wythenshawe
Father of Regional Planning
Paul Gedes
Sherry Arnsteins 3 Levels of Public Participation
non-participation
Tokenism
Citizen Power
Sherry Arnstein 3 types of tokenism
Informing
Consultation
Placation
Sherry Arnsteins 3 types of citizen power
Partnership
Delegated Power
Citizen Control
Sherry Arnsteins two types of non participation
Manipulation
Therapy
Facilitation
uses a person who does not have a direct stake in the outcome of a meeting to help groups that disagree work together to solve complex problems and come to a consensus. The facilitator is typically a volunteer from the community who is respected by all groups. In some cases, a professional facilitator is hired to assist in running the meeting.
What is the ideal committee size
9-15
Process Evaluation
Done at the beginning and throughout the engagement process.
involves collecting data in the planning and implementation phases, such as frequency and content of planning meetings, inclusiveness of process, and diversity/representativeness of planners.
Outcome Evaluation
assesses change resulting from community engagement, such as change in the way people engage with each other and change resulting from their engagement. Evaluation might involve collecting individual or community level changes in how people engage with each other. Outcome evaluation is conducted at the end of an engagement process. Outcome evaluation answers the question: To what extent are people in the community engaged?
Impact Evaluation
seeks to establish evidence of causality. It requires random assignment of participants and the use of an intervention group and a control group. This evaluation can be more challenging to implement and costly to do because of the prerequisites needed to be able to conduct it effectively (having a long-standing community engagement program with a lot of data already collected, previous evaluations, and significant time, financial and human
capacity to conduct the evaluation). This type of evaluation answers the question: To what extent can community change be attributed to community engagement?
Fishbowl Method
arranging small group conversations
4 Recommended environmental justice policies
encourage triple bottom-line outcomes;
give deference to local knowledge;
encourage collaborative problem-solving;
organize and support pro-bono planning efforts.
What is a cartogram
A cartogram is a map in which the geometry of regions is distorted in order to convey the information of an alternate variable. The region area will be inflated or deflated according to its numeric value.
What is loss aversion
a phenomenon where a real or potential loss is perceived by individuals as psychologically or emotionally more severe than an equivalent gain.
What is selection Bias
Selection bias is a distortion in a measure of association (such as a risk ratio) due to a sample selection that does not accurately reflect the target population.
Survivorship bias
Survivorship bias is a type of sample selection bias that occurs when an individual mistakes a visible successful subgroup as the entire group. In other words, survivorship bias occurs when an individual only considers the surviving observation without considering those data points that didn’t “survive” in the event.
i.e. 1 person made it to the top of Everest, therefore anyone can, when 99% failed.
Special districts
an independent unit of local government often created by referendum and organized to perform government functions in a specific geographic area. They usually have the power to incur debt and levy taxes. These are similar to single-purpose local governments but different state laws may utilize one term or the other in specific circumstances.
How many tribal governments in the country
583
Williams V. Lee
1959 case Williams v. Lee, tribes possess “the right … to make their own laws and be ruled by them.”
The 4 requirements of issuing a zoning variance
There is a unique physical or economic hardship;
The variance will not result in a reduction in property values;
The property owner did not cause the need for the variance;
The variance is not contrary to the spirit of the zoning ordinance.
Which act gave birth to the CONSISTENCY DOCTRINE
Standard State Zoning Enabling Act, 1924
Conformance based evaluation
Conformance-based evaluation is more literal and sees planning as having the ability to control future development. Plans are viewed as blueprints, and the more outcomes (like land use patterns) conform with plans, the more successful the plan has been. One variation is to evaluate the achievement of goals like “improve access to parks”—access might be improved overall, but not in strict accordance with a land use plan.
Plan conformance - Performance Based evaluation
Performance-based evaluation views plans as decision-making tools more in line with the incrementalism of Charles E. Lindblom. The achievement of end-state goals are not the main concern. Any result that is deemed desirable could be considered a success.
What is a Floating Zone
in a zoning ordinance but not necessarily on the zoning map.
i.e. PUD
Spot Zoning
The process of singling out a small parcel of land for a use classification totally different from that of the surrounding area for the benefit of the owner of such property and to THE DETRIMENT OF OTHER OWNERS.
*the major deciding factor in determining spot zoning is if the rezoning is consistent with the comprehensive plan.
Tax incidence
which individuals bear the burden of a tax after the economy has adjusted to changes caused by the taxes
Laffer Curve
As you increase taxes, you reach a point where you collet the most taxes, then reduced demand will reduce tax revenue
Mill Rate
the tax rate for property taxes, a per 1000 ratio
Fiscal Impact Analysis
How a project impacts the city’s pocket book:
city’s property tax rate, revenues etc
average cost of educating each child
average cost per square foot of constructing a public building
would not involve looking at historic trends in assessed valuation
Credit Enhancement TIF
Give developers a tax break to encourage development
Infrastructure TIF
Borrows bonds against forecasted incremental tax revenues
Capture Rate
sometimes cities might not capture 100% of future tax increment, only borrow against 50% of future tax increments.
What does ZIP code stand for
zone Improvement plan code
Shift Share Analysis
technique that divides growth of any industry in a region into THREE COMPONENTS
Growth attributed to overall economy
growth attributed to growth in industry
growth that cannot be explained by economy/industry growth.
What is the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934
aimed at decreasing federal control of American Indian affairs and increasing Indian self government and responsibility.
Hass, Kates and Bowden
The Role of Planners in Post-Disaster Reconstruction
Reconstruction Following Disaster by Haas, Kates, and Bowden (1977) divides disaster into four overlapping phases of response and recovery.
The emergency period covers the initial hours or days following the disaster when the community is forced to cope with losses in lives and property.
The restoration period covers the time following the emergency period until major urban service and transportation are restored, evacuees returned, and rubble is removed.
During the replacement reconstruction period, the city rebuilds capital stock to pre-disaster levels and social and economic activities return to their previous levels.
Finally, in the commemorative, betterment, and developmental reconstruction period, major reconstruction activities take place and future growth and development begin to take hold.
Edwin Chadwick
English sanitary reformer, sewer systems 1842
Which act made the use of cost benefit analysis common in the U.S.
Federal Navigation act of 1936
This act required that the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers undertake waterway system projects when the total benefits exceed the costs of the project.
Who conceived the Cost Benefit Analysis
Jules Dupuit, 1848
What is the cost effectiveness analysis equation
methos for selecting competing projects when RESOURCES ARE LIMITED.
(Cost of New Strategy - cost of current practice)/(Effect of new strategy - effect of current practice)
Program Evaluation Review Technique (PERT)
scheduling method that graphically illustrates interrelationships of project tasks.
PERT is good to use when PRECISE TIME ESTIMATES ARE NOT AVAILABLE for project tasks.
Identify the specific activities and milestones;
Determine the proper sequence of the activities;
Construct a network diagram;
Determine the critical path;
Update the PERT chart as the project progresses.
Results Oriented Management and Accountability (ROMA)
Results Oriented Management and Accountability,
a sound management practice that incorporates the use of outcomes or results into the administration, management, and operation of community action agencies
Zero Based Budgeting
budget start at zero, and add on things you need, not necessarily what you did last year
Artificial Neural Networks
speech and pattern recognition
5 Levels of Vehicle Autonomy
Level 0 No automations
Level1 Driver Assistances
Level 2 Occasional self drivings
Level 3 Limited Self Drivings
Level 4 Full Self Driving under certain conditions
Level 5 Full self driving under all conditions
Three Cs of a staff report
Compliance
Consistency
Compatability
Jennifer Keesmaat
Toronto Chief Planner 2012-2017
Opposed Gardiner expressway plans promoted by mayor
What year did the term Smart Cities originate
2010, UK
What housing act focused on slum clearance
Housing act of 1949
Which housing act was about public housing
Housing Act of 1954
Housing act for fair housing
Housing Act of 1964
What month has the APA designated as NATIONAL COMMUNITY PLANNING MONTH
October
Apprx how many trips per day will be generated by SFR
9.52 trips per day
whose approach that has invitations sent out by the neighborhood or organization and a paid organizer is then sent to the neighborhood
Saul Alinsky
Polycentric Concept
Metropolitan regions developed into a series of centers
Clean Water Act
1972
The CWA made it unlawful to discharge any pollutant from a point source into navigable waters, unless a permit was obtained:
EPA’s National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit program controls discharges.
Point sources are discrete conveyances such as pipes or man-made ditches.
Individual homes that are connected to a municipal system, use a septic system, or do not have a surface discharge do not need a NPDES permit;
Industrial, municipal, and other facilities must obtain permits if their discharges go directly to surface waters.
Clean Air Act
1970
NAAQs and SIPs
One of the goals of the Act was to set and achieve NAAQS in every state by 1975 in order to address the public health and welfare risks posed by certain widespread air pollutants. The setting of these pollutant standards was coupled with directing the states to develop state implementation plans (SIPs), applicable to appropriate industrial sources in the state, in order to achieve these standards. The Act was amended in 1977 and 1990 primarily to set new goals (dates) for achieving attainment of NAAQS since many areas of the country had failed to meet the deadlines.
The Clean Air Act (CAA) is the comprehensive federal law that regulates air emissions from stationary and mobile sources. Among other things, this law authorizes EPA to establish National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) to protect public health and public welfare and to regulate emissions of hazardous air pollutants.
Coastal Act
These types of lakes have low supply of nutrients and contain little organic mater
Oligotrophic
A lake full of algea
Eutrophic
Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)
Project management tool
- Start general and work to more specific
- use a simple numbering system
- its size and complexity determined by the project
- Keep the deliverable in mind
Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949
Allows the federal govt to dispose of federal property
What city did Harland Bartholemew work for
Newark, New Jersey
Normal Krumholz
adopted equity planning in Cleveland during the 1970s
Who founded transactive Planning
John Friedmann
what percentage of the U.S. lives in urban areas
80%
When was the first census
1790
What is equity about
being “fair and impartial”
Calvert Cliffs v. U.S. Atomic Enegry Commission 1971
Overturned approval of nuclear plant because the AEC did not follow NEPA; gave NEPA strength
Moore v. City of East Cleveland (1977)
Cities cannot define “family” so that the definition prevents closely related individuals from living with each other
What cities did Clarence Stein design
Sunnyside Gardens and Radburn
Main Elements of a Smart City
integration of technology, community participation, nature
What pollutants does the Clean Air Act monitor?
Ozone
Particulate Matter
Carbon Monoxide
Nitrogen Dioxide
Sulfur Dioxide
Lead
First national park
Yellowstone, 1872
Adverse Possession
is a doctrine in which a person in possession of land owned by another person may acquire title to it as long as common law requirements are met and that person is in possession of the property for a sufficient period of time.
Plebiscite
A direct vote on an issue of all the members of an electorate on an important public question.
Aging in place…
allowing one to age in place in THEIR OWN HOME.
not senior living facilities
What is commonly used to resolve CONTRACT disputes
Arbitration
Beneficiary Assessments
Beneficiary assessments are used by the World Bank and other development organizations to make sure that project beneficiaries can provide insights on how a project will affect them, particularly the poor and those without political power. The technique solicits qualitative information about the development activity. This can include interviews, focus groups, and participant observations.
Charrette
A charrette is a type of participatory planning process that assembles an interdisciplinary team—typically consisting of planners, citizens, city officials, architects, landscape architects, transportation engineers, parks and recreation officials, and other stakeholders—to create a design and implementation plan for a specific project. It differs from a traditional community consultation process in that it is design-based. In addition, charrettes are usually compressed into a short period of time, unlike traditional planning exercises that can take a long time to be finalized.
The smallest timeframe using cohort survival method
5 years
Communicative Planning
Bringing stakeholders to the table to build consensus is a cornerstone of communicative planning.
STELLA
Computer-Aided Negotiation allows for models to be quickly developed and allows participants to search for alternatives that can best meet the needs of interested parties.
Creative Placemaking
Creative placemaking integrates arts, culture, and design activities into efforts that strengthen communities.
Nominal Group Technique
Nominal Group Technique is a particular form of brainstorming that aids team participation. Stages in the technique include problem clarification, silent idea generation, round robin idea collection, grouping, and ranking.
Economic Base Analysis
Economic base analysis. Economic base analysis looks at basic and non-basic economic activities. Basic activities are those that can be exported, such as automotive manufacturing.
Average Per Capita Method
This is the simplest method of fiscal impact analysis, but it is also the least reliable. It divides the total local budget by the existing population in a city to determine the average per capita cost for the jurisdiction. The result is multiplied by the expected new population associated with the new development. The major problem with this method is that it assumes the cost of service to a new development is the same as the cost to service to the existing community, which might may not be necessarily true.
Dynamic Method
The Dynamic Method applies statistical analysis to time-series data from a jurisdiction. This method determines, for example, how much sales tax revenue is generated per capita from a grocery store and applies this to the new development. This method requires more data and time to conduct than other methods.
Which economic analysis uses location quotient
Economic base analysis,
also uses basic/non-basic analysis
Input-output analysis
is a quantitative method that links suppliers and purchasers to determine the economic output of a region.
Input-output analysis can be used to determine the employment effect that a particular project has on a local economy.
according to the APA, how much electricity is used to heat, cool and light buildings
75%
what is eminent domain
Eminent domain refers to the power of the government to take private property and convert it into public use. The Fifth Amendment provides that the government may only exercise this power if they provide just compensation to the property owners.
What is equity about
BEING FAIR AND IMPARTIAL
What are fire ratings based on
the distance to the nearest fire station and the availability of water to service a fire.
Southdale Center in Edina, Minnesota
Southdale Center was built in 1956 as the first indoor regional shopping mall in the U.S. It was part of a master plan that included residential, commercial, medical, office, and mixed-use projects, but not within the mall itself. It set the precedent for shopping malls—1,500 of which appeared across America in the half-century after Southdale’s unveiling. Victor Gruen, a refugee from Nazi-occupied Austria, arrived in America in 1938 and went on to be a dominant figure in shopping mall design.
Victor Gruen
dominant figure in shopping mall design
Flood protection projects are at what planning level
National (army corps of engineers)
Fred French Investing Co. v. City of New York
In French v. City of New York, the court found that transfer of development rights is an inappropriate method to compensate the landowner for a taking by the city of New York.
What did Garden Cities say about land values
A premise of Howard’s model was that construction of the Garden City would increase land values, and that the increase in value would pass back to the community.
- communal ownership of land
-Involved the establishment of a limited dividend company
- Farmland for the Garden City was to be purchased using an agricultural rate.
General obligation bond
general obligation bonds are backed by the general tax revenues and are generally considered safe investments
General services administration
the General Services Administration works to dispose of excess federal property. In most cases, this land can be transferred for a public purposes.
George Pullman
Pullman is a neighborhood on the south side of Chicago. Pullman (Historic Pullman) was built in the 1880s by George Pullman for his eponymous railroad car company, the Pullman Palace Car Company. The company owned everything, from stores to townhouses. The houses were comfortable by standards of the day, but a rebellion ensued when Pullman sought to raise rents without raising worker pay.
Who planned paris
Georges-Eugene Haussmann
Ange-Jacques Gabriel
designed the palace of Versailles
key component of green infrastructure
it should REDUCE future infrastructure costs
The American Planning Association created which of the following documents to encourage states to revise their standard state zoning enabling acts?
The Growing Smart Legislative Guidebook
Step 1 of Hazard Mitigation Plan
identify potential natural hazards
percentage of owner occupied residential units in the 2010 census
65%
Hoshin Planning
Hoshin Kanri is a method for ensuring that the strategic goals drive progress and action at every level within that organization. The process includes establishing a vision, developing objectives, deploy annual objectives, implement objectives, and then review progress on a monthly and annual basis.
cartogram
distorts the geography or size of regions to convey the information
What percentage of manufactured homes are located in manufactured housing communities?
37%
what percentage of adults were married in 2010 census
51%
Consolidated MSA
two or more overlapping or interlocking urban communities (known as primary metropolitan statistical areas)
total population of at least one million
what is oversampling
Over representing certain historically underrepresented populations in data collection in the hopes of achieving representative results.
Primacy effect
Primacy effect describes the tendency to choose earlier answers in a list of elaborated options.
smart cities
Smart cities are defined as a city that equitably integrates technology, community, and nature to enhance its livability, sustainability, and resilience, while fostering innovation, collaboration, and participatory co-creation. A connection to nature and a focus on sustainability are inherent elements of true smart cities
Recall bias
Recall bias occurs when interviewees present incorrect accounts or inaccurate data due to shortcomings of their own memory. This could easily happen in an interview setting.
survivorship bias
Survivorship bias is a type of sample selection bias that occurs when an individual mistakes a visible successful subgroup as the entire group.
i.e. 1% succeed, therefore all will succeed.
loss aversion bias
Loss aversion is a psychological and economic concept, which refers to how outcomes are interpreted as gains and losses where losses are subject to more sensitivity in people’s responses compared to equivalent gains acquired.
selection bias
Selection bias is the bias introduced by the selection of individuals, groups, or data for analysis in such a way that proper randomization is not achieved, thereby failing to ensure that the sample obtained is representative of the population intended to be analyzed
maximum lot coverage
Maximum lot coverage regulations set limits on the amount of land that may be covered by impervious surface and can be helpful in stormwater management.
TJ Kent’s component of a master plan
T.J. Kent defines the comprehensive plan as a community’s official statement of policies regarding desirable future physical development; the plan should be comprehensive in scope, general in nature, and long-range in perspective.
GO bond
General obligation bonds, which are also referred to as GOs, are municipal bonds which provide a way for state and local governments to raise money for projects that may not generate a revenue stream directly.
TIGER
TIGER/Line Geodatabases are spatial extracts from the Census Bureau’s Master Address File/Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing (MAF/TIGER) System for use with geographic information systems (GIS) software. The geodatabases contain national coverage (for geographic boundaries or features) or state coverage (boundaries within state).
These files do not include demographic data, but they contain geographic entity codes that can be linked to the Census Bureau’s demographic data, available on data.census.gov
Translational Research
Translational research aims to make findings from basic science useful for practical applications that enhance human health and well-being.
Urban Service Limit
An Urban Service Limit Line is a boundary, sometimes parcel-specific, located to mark the outer limits beyond which urban development will not be allowed. It has the aim of discouraging urban sprawl by containing urban development during a specified period, and its location may be modified over time. An Urban Service Limit Line does not determine where public schools will be located.
Smart Code
The Smart Code is a model Form-Based Code originally created in 2003 by the Center for Applied Transect Studies. It’s designed to provide a starting point for communities looking to create their own FBC based on their own work creating a regulating plan. The key thing I think you’d need to know about it beyond that is that it’s not “plug and play” but needs to be tailored to local conditions
design Charrette
A design charrette is an intensive collaborative effort that brings together citizens, stakeholders, and staff to develop a detailed design plan for a specific area. A charrette may be held over one or more days. This is an effective technique for quickly developing consensus. This PAS Memo from APA is a great overview of how crafting charrettes can transform communitites.
Typically, small groups are formed, with each group focusing on a design solution for an area. Each group has a facilitator who is usually a design professional. In many cases, the local chapter of the American Institute for Architects may be engaged to have members serve as facilitators. Note that charrettes are now being offered virtually, with significant success in terms of increasing the number of participants
Nominal group technique
The Nominal Group Technique is a group process involving problem identification, solution generation, and decision making that can be used for groups of any size that want to come to a decision by vote. The Nominal Group Technique allows for everyone’s opinions to be considered by starting with every group member sharing their ideas briefly. Someone creates a list of ideas. Duplicate solutions are deleted. Participants then rank the solutions. The rankings are then discussed, which can lead to further ideas or combinations of ideas. The solution with the highest ranking is selected.
Mediation
. The agreement typically specifies measurable, achievable, and realistic solutions. The final agreement is typically in writing. Mediation is a dispute-resolution process that is typically used to help resolve conflict without involving the court system.
Free flow, with low volumes and high speeds
LOS A
Reasonably free flow, but speeds beginning to be restricted by traffic
LOS B
Stable flow, but most drivers are restricted in the freedom to select their own speeds
LOS C
approaching unstable flow, drivers have little freedom to select their own speeds
LOS D
unstable flow; may be short stoppages
LOS E
forced breakdown flow; unacceptable congestion; stop and go.
LOS F
Interchangeable names for regional commissions
These are all INTERCHANGABLE
Council of Governments
Regional Commissions
Regional Planning Commissions
Planning Districts
what year was the first national conference in DC
1909
Who wrote Carrying Out the Plan
Flavel Shurtleff
first state with state wide zoning
Hawaii, 1961
First AIP exam administered
1977
First regional county commission
Los Angeles County 1922
Who wrote Planning of a Modern City
Nelson Lewis
Who wrote New Town for America
Clarence Stein
With Heritage so Rich
Alfred Reins, historic preservation, 1966
Transactive Planning Founder
John Friedmann
Who wrote The City in History
Lewis Mumford, garden city advocate, 1955
Who wrote Edge City
Joel Garreau
Charlotte Rumbold
public recreation activist working in St. Lewis
Benton Mackaye
Planner, conservationist, founded the Appalachian Trail
considered first American town planner
John Nolen, designed many garden cities.
U.S. population in 2020 Census
331.4 Million
who wrote MEGALOPOLIS
Jean Gottman
Lost Generation
1883-1900
Greatest Generation
1901-1927
Silent Generation
1928-1945
Baby Boomers
1946-1964
Gen X
1965-1980
Millenials
1981-1996
Who helped Lenfent design DC
Alexander Ralston
How long of a period does a CIP cover
3-6 years
GO BONDS
General Obligation Bonds
- lowest interest rates, issuer over long term
- typically 15 years or longer
- Require a referrendum
- Tax exempt bonds
- COMMUNITY CREDIT RATING
PAYGO Funding
annual appropriation from a general fund, carryover, or reserves
- NO DEBT FUNDING
Revenue Bonds
tax exempt bonds underwritten based on external source of revenue (i.e. toll roads, recreational facilities)
- NO CREDIT AGENCY INVOLVED
Long term revenue program
A tentative revenue policy to finance operating and capital expenditures. Time span is five or six years.
Tax incidence
refers to which individuals bear the burden of a tax after the economy has adjusted to changes caused by the taxes.
those individuals bearing the burded of tax may be different than the individuals on whom the tax was levied.
individuals alter their behavior in a group, so the rest of the group gets taxed more.
supplier decides to lower their prices to absorb the price of taxes
The Laffer Curve
As you increase taxes, you reach a point where you collect the most taxes, then reduced demand will reduce tax revenue
The Remainder tax
aka Property Tax
What is the “BUT FOR” test
a test for Tax increment financing
how is a TIF district created
through legislative vote, CITY COUNCIL approval
allocation rate
for TDR sending areas is the number of development rights an owner can sell per site.
Carrying Capacity, who is associated
Ian Mcarg,
term used in 1845 by U.S. Secretary of State James Buchanan
Agins V. Tiburon established what two tests to determine a takings?
deprives property of all economically viable use
Fails to advance a legitimate governmental interest
Management Audit
would help to understand if an issue is systemic or an isolated problem.
A management audit is used to examine the efficiency and effectiveness of management in carrying out its activities. Areas of auditor interest include the nature and quality of management decisions and operating results. A management audit focuses on results, evaluating the effectiveness and suitability of how an organization conducts business.
Management by Objectives (MBO)
Management by Objectives (MBO) is a process of agreeing upon objectives within an organization so that management and employees agree to the objectives and understand what they are. The Management By Objectives term was first popularized by Peter Drucker in 1954 in his book “The Practice of Management.”
CPTED
crime prevention through environmental design
what is part of a STRATEGIC planning process
SWOT
Zero based budgeting
Zero-based budgeting assumes that every unit has $0 and then the governing body decides on a series of decision packages that will advance key goals and objectives of the organization.
Land based classification standards
The Land Based Classification Standards help planners with a model for classifying land uses. LBCS Classifies land uses across five dimensions. For local planning purposes, LBCS calls for classifying land uses in the following dimensions: Activity, Function, Structure Type, Site Development Character, and Ownership.
when are charrettes used
intense planning and design outcomes
When do you use PERT
when TIME is a critical factor, helpful when time expectations are significant
What does a public hearing entail
A public hearing includes a technical presentation, group Q&A, and a formal transcript.
What does an open house entail
An open house is less structured and does not involve a formal presentation. Open houses can include a series of less formal presentations or information displays with one-on-one Q&As between members of the planning department and interested residents.
What is an educational event
An educational event also includes an informational display and a presentation by the planning department to educate the public about a specific topic, but because the goal is education rather than gauging public opinion, there is less dialogue between planners and residents.
what is the most commonly regulated renewable energy by local governments
wind energy
Robert Weaver
historic planning figure first african american to serve in us cabinet as the head of HUD
sample selection bias
BASED ON CONVENIENCE
The selection process is critical to ensuring a statistically valid sample. For example, selecting a convenience sample based on the ease of the availability of data could result in sample selection bias.
Section 8
The Section 8 housing program provides funds to pay a portion of the rent for low-income households.
What is the sewer treatment process
Sewage flows from a drain into a pipe which then joins a larger sewer pipe in a right of way. This larger pipe then joins a central pipe that leads to a sewage treatment plan. Initially, the sewage is screened to capture larger items, such as plastic containers. It is then sent through a primary, then secondary, then tertiary treatment process before the treated water is released.
Systemic Random Sampling
Systematic random sampling starts by selecting a starting point at random and then selecting a consistent random number from that point. For example, starting at person 434 and then selecting every tenth person from that point on in the phone book to call to participate in a survey.
three c’s of public engagement
Coalition building
Consensus building
Conflict resolution
What will driverless cars need
For driverless cars to operate effectively, they must be able to communicate with traffic control devices. For example, telling a traffic signal that the vehicle is approaching allows the traffic signal to change.
What are the 4 steps of urban design process
- Visual survey of area
- Explore Circulation patterns
- identify green space
- draft alternative design concepts
What sparked the environmental justice movement?
What is a per-se taking
physical invasion of property, i.e. Loretto, vs. cable company
What is the time horizon for a visioning plan
20-30 years
When to use Charrettes
design oriented physical problems,
visioning efforts focused on PHYSICAL planning OR PLACEMAKING issues, community wide visioning efforts
MEMO OF AGREEMENT (MOA/MOU)
The MOA or MOU, as a government-to-government agreement, can occur between tribes and state or local governments to establish collaboration.
Indian Reorganization Act 1934
Framework for tribal govts
- authorized tribes to adopt CONSTITUTIONS
- NEGOTIATE WITH FEDERAL, STATE, AND LOCAL GOVT.
-constitution still needed to be approved by congress
What is entailed in SCOPING for NEPA
Scoping must take place in the early stages of preparing an EIS. Scoping is often the first contact between proponents of a proposal and the public. A scoping meeting introduces both sides of an issue and engages interested parties. The purpose of scoping is to assist the preparers of the EIS in explaining the project to the public and affected agencies.
Who wrote the color of law
Richard Rothstein
What is a good cost benefit ratio
anything over 1 is benefits outweighing costs
When was the World’s Columbian Exposition
1893
who headed the Mcmillan Committee
Burnham
What cities did Burnham design for
Cleveland, San Francisco, Chicago
What speeds occur in a local highway
25-30
What is a Drosscape
Drosscape is an urban design framework that examines urbanized regions as the product of past economic and industrial processes. The concept focuses on the redesign and adaptive reuse of “waste landscapes” within regions.
TITLE VI of the 1964 Civil Rights Act
Title VI of the 1964 Civil Rights Act prohibits intentional discrimination on the grounds of race, color, or national origin under any program receiving federal financial assistance.
What percent of units are owner occupied in 2020 census
65%
Who is associated with MBO
Peter Drucker
The correct answer is MBO. Management by Objectives (MBO) is a process of agreeing upon objectives within an organization so that management and employees buy in to the objectives and understand what they are.
New Markets Tax Credit Program
The New Markets Tax Credit Program spurs business development by providing tax credit incentives to investors for equity investments in Community Development Entities. The Community Development Entities then invest in development in low-income communities.
Ripple Effect Mapping
Ripple Effect Mapping is a method used in evaluation to engage key stakeholders in assessing the impact of community engagement.
Radburn New Jersey
Radburn had a mix of uses and was designed by Clarence Stein and Henry Wright based on the concept of the garden city. Construction began in 1929.
The correct answer is: It was originally designed for 30,000 people and it called for a mix of uses
Susan Fainsteins three elements of the just city
Democracy
Equity
Diversity
Third Places
Third places, sometimes referred to as third spaces) are the social spaces in between where people live (the first place) and where people work (the second place). These social spaces can include parks, cafes, museums and other types of locations in which people enjoy spending time as a community.
PERT
INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF PROJECT TASKS
IDENTIFY MILESTONES
DETERMINE PROPER SEQUENCING OF ACTIVITIES
DETERMINE CRITICAL PATH
NETWORK DIAGRAM
TIME ESTIMATES ARE NOT AVAILABLE
what is the Coefficient of variance standard for the census
15% variance
Participatory Budgeting
In participatory budgeting, community members vote on capital budget priorities in their district, ward, or neighborhood service area. Planners need to take precautions to ensure that privileged groups do not take control of the process.
number of homeless people in the US 2018
554K
Indian Reorganization ACt
The Indian Reorganization Act is also called the Wheeler–Howard Act (1934). The U.S. Congress enacted the measure to decrease federal control, and increase self-government and responsibility, of indigenous people.
Three things planning managers have to manage
people, programs, money
Inferential statistics
Inferential statistics use probability theory to determine characteristics of a population based on observations made on a sample from that population. We infer things about the population based on what is observed in the sample. Inferential statistics are about rejecting the null hypothesis, never proving it.
T Test
a test on the difference in means between TWO GROUPS
telephone survey trends
response rates have been declining
Trip distribution
the number of trips originating and ending at place to place
which federal department builds dams
US bureau of reclamation
A wellhead protection ordinance would protect…
Primary, secondary and tertiary recharge areas
the three e’s of sustainability
Environment
Economy
Social Equity
Who coined BIOPHILIA
German-American psychologist ERICH FROMM
LULU
Locally unwanted land uses
