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Oral Biology > Functions 4 > Flashcards

Functions 4 Flashcards

1
Q

List the 3 stages of swallowing

A
  1. Buccal phase
    - Voluntary
  2. Pharyngeal phase
    - Involuntary
  3. Oesophageal phase
    - Involuntary
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2
Q

Define swallowing

A

Process by which bolus is transported through the lower pharynx + oesophagus to the stomach

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3
Q

How does swallowing create a protective function?

A

Prevents ingested material from entering the lower airway

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4
Q

How can swallowing be potentially dangerous?

A

Because the foodway crosses the airway

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5
Q

3 phases to swallowing liquids

A
  1. Liquids gathered on tongue, anterior to the pillars of the fauces
  2. Mouth separated from the pharynx by a posterior oral seal
  3. Liquid bolus propelled through the oro and hypo pharynx and then into the oesophagus
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6
Q

2 phases to swallowing a solid bolus

A
  1. No true posterior oral seal
    Chewed food accumulated on pharyngeal part of tongue and vallecula (oropharynx)
  2. Bolus propelled from tongue through the hypopharynx and then into the oesophagus
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7
Q

Compare the difference between swallowing liquids and solids

A
  1. Liquids swallowed from the mouth (oral seal)

2. Solids are swallowed from the oropharynx (no oral seal)

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8
Q

3 main swallowing events

A
  1. Propulsion of food
  2. Prevention of reflux
  3. Protecting the airway
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9
Q

What controls masticatory sequences?

A

Food consistency

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10
Q

How is reflux prevented? (5)

A
  1. Elevation of soft palate
  2. Tongue contacts pillars of fauces
  3. Tongue (dorm) contacts posterior pharyngeal wall
  4. Upper oesophageal sphincter
    - Reflux from oesophagus into pharynx
  5. Lower oesophageal sphincter
    - Reflux from stomach into oesophagus
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11
Q

Examples of stomach acid issues that lead to erosion (3)

A

Stomach acid can erode teeth by reflux, vomiting and regurgitation

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12
Q

What is palatal surface erosion a sign of?

A

Stomach acid issues

Bulimia can cause erosion and cupping of the palatal aspect of the teeth

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13
Q

Define attrition

A

Tooth to tooth wear

- Caused by parafunction/bruxism

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14
Q

Define abrasion

A

Possibly caused by biting/chewing objects between teeth

- Unusual to occur on its own (usually erosion and abrasion)

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15
Q

How do acids contribute to abrasion?

A

Acids weaken the outer 3-5 microns of mineralised tissue and increase the susceptibility of the enamel and dentine to abrasion from tooth brushing with or without toothpaste

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16
Q

Define abfractions

A

Wedge shaped notch caused by flexure and ultimate material fatigue of susceptible teeth at locations away from the point of loading (cervical regions)

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17
Q

What factors is the breakdown of teeth dependent on? (4)

A
  1. Magnitude
  2. Duration
  3. Frequency
  4. Location

Of the occlusal forces

18
Q

What components help with airway protection? (4)

A
  1. Upward and forward movement of larynx
  2. Closure of laryngeal inlet
    - Aryepiglottic muscles
    - Epiglottis
  3. Adduction of vocal folds
  4. Stop breathing (apnoea)
19
Q

Define dysphasia

A

Language disorder involving damage to parts of the brain

  • Broca’s area
  • Wernicke’s area
20
Q

Define dysphagia

A

Difficulty swallowing

21
Q

Define odynophagia

A

Extreme pain on swallowing be it food, liquids or meds

22
Q

Define dysarthria (2)

A
  • Difficulty speaking caused by problems within the muscles used in speech
  • Due to neuromuscular defects
23
Q

Lesions present in which areas lead to dysarthria? (4)

A
  1. Descending neural pathways
  2. CNs
  3. Vocal muscles
  4. Neuromuscular junctions
24
Q

List oral causes of language + speech defects (5)

A
  1. Malocclusions
  2. Loss of teeth + denture related
  3. Cleft lip/palate
  4. Tongue related
  5. Dry mouth
25
Q

What can lead to an anterior open bite? (3)

A
  1. Digit sucking
  2. Tongue thrust
  3. Skeletal origin
26
Q

How does cleft palate lead to nasally speech?

A

Oral and nasal cavities are not separated - leading to a nasal quality speech

27
Q

How is a palatal cleft palate dealt with?

A

Repaired or filled with an obturator

28
Q

List conditions affecting the tongue (3)

A
  1. Tongue tie
  2. Partial atrophy
  3. Tongue stud
29
Q

How can xerostomia lead to impeded speech?

A

Inadequate saliva production leads to difficulty in pronouncing words

People with dry mouth + difficulty speaking can’t simply swallow and talk

30
Q

When would torus mandibularis pose an issue?

A

Benign but an issue if patient needs an RPD - as it will interfere with the major connector

31
Q

How could an RPD design be modified if the patient has torus palatines?

A

Horseshoe design if patient refuses surgery

32
Q

What are some denture related problems for oral functions? (3)

A
  1. Problems from restricted tongue space
  2. Denture base plate is too thick
  3. Artificial teeth not set properly
33
Q

How does excessive thickening of the palate affect speech

A

Excessive thickening of the palate laterally prevents close adaptation of the tongue to the palate so the s becomes sh

34
Q

How do wrong occlusal planes affect speech? (2)

A
  • Problems pronouncing f v and ph: Labiodental sounds

- Dentures must be fabricated to a morphology that does not cause interference with tongue/lip/cheek movement

35
Q

How does the loss of maxillary anterior teeth affect speech?

A

May prevent the clear reproduction of certain sounds - particularly F and V (which are made by the lower lip contacting the edges of maxillary incisors

36
Q

Teeth in relation to vermillion border (2)

A
  • Incisal edges of teeth should not touch the vermillion border
  • Should only touch the vermillion border of the lip during fricative sounds
37
Q

How to assess speech when replacing missing teeth

A

Address + family details

38
Q

What helps produce vocal sounds?

A

Aerodigestive tract and facial tissues

39
Q

What factors might influence the final choice of treatment?

A
  1. Cost
  2. Effects on adjacent teeth
    - Oral hygiene
    - Prep as abutments
  3. Aesthetics
  4. Function
  5. Lifespan of the prosthesis and eventual replacement
40
Q

Define embouchure

A

Position and use of lips, tongue and teeth in playing a wind instrument

Oral Biology (10 decks)

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