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Oral Biology > Functions 2 > Flashcards

Functions 2 Flashcards

1
Q

List the CN’s (12)

A
  1. Olfactory
  2. Optic
  3. Oculomotor
  4. Trochlear
  5. Trigeminal
  6. Abducens
  7. Facial
  8. Vestibulocochlear
  9. Glossopharyngeal
  10. Vagus
  11. Accessory
  12. Hypoglossal
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2
Q

What trigeminal nerve division does the IAN pass through

A
  • Mandibular division

- Carries sensory and motor axons to and from the trigeminal nucleus

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3
Q

Why do you have to anaesthetise the inferior alveolar nerve for dental surgeries involving the lower 7s and 8s?

A

Bone around these teeth is too thick

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4
Q

What does the IAN innervate?

A

Mandibular teeth

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5
Q

What does the IAN give off anteriorly?

A

Mental nerve

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6
Q

Where does the mental nerve exit the mandible?

A

Via the mental foramen

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7
Q

What does the mental nerve supply?

A

Sensory branches to the chin and lower lip

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8
Q

Does IDB cross the midline?

A

No

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9
Q

Define paraesthesia (2)

A
  • An abnormal sensation

- Typically tingling or prickling

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10
Q

Define dysaesthesia (2)

A
  • An abnormal unpleasant sensation felt when touched

- Caused by damage to peripheral nerves

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11
Q

Where should the needle be positioned for an inferior alveolar nerve block?

A
  • Above lower molars

- Anterior to lingula

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12
Q

How do you avoid hitting the blood vessels involved in the ID nerve when doing an ID nerve block?

A

Insert needle slowly

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13
Q

What can cause numbness after an ID block

A

Damage to the Inferior alveolar nerve

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14
Q

How would you know that you have inserted the needle into the inferior alveolar nerve when doing an ID block? (3)

A
  • Patient will instantly feel sharp pain in their lip
  • Will then lose sensation in lip for longer
  • Dentist needs to warn patient not to bite their lip
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15
Q

Purpose of the gag reflex

A

Acts to prevent material entering the pharynx

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16
Q

What evokes the gag reflex?

A

Mechanical stimulation of

  1. Fauces
  2. Palate
  3. Posterior tongue
  4. Pharynx
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17
Q

What nerve is involved in the afferent (sensorial) response?

A

IX Glossopharyngeal

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18
Q

What nerve is involved in the efferent (motor) gag response? (6)

A 
V Trigeminal 
IX Glossopharyngeal 
X Vagus 
XI Accessory 
XII Hypoglossal

The motor (secretory) visceral nerves of the salivary glands are also stimulated

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19
Q

Function of afferent (sensory neurons)

A

Carry a message to the CNS

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20
Q

Function of efferent (motor neurone)

A

Carry a message to a muscle, gland or other effector

Carry message away from the CNS

21
Q

Function of an interneuron (connecting neuron)

A

Connect the sensory neurons with the motor neurons

22
Q

List methods of managing the gag reflex (6)

A
  1. Make material fast setting by increasing water temperature
  2. Proper positioning (from behind for upper, in front for lower)
  3. Place tray at back first, and move forwards
  4. Sit patient upright
  5. Distract by clenching fists, moving feet
  6. Ask patient to breathe
    Can use a greenstick impression material (do a little at a time)
23
Q

What denture design is recommended when the post - dam can’t be tolerated by the patient? (3)

A
  1. Posterior part of an RPD made with retaining mesh to allow attachment of acrylic extension
  2. Allows RPD to be adjusted more easily
  3. Reduces weight of a large metal connector
24
Q

List symptoms of bells palsy (4)

A
  1. Inability to wrinkle brow
  2. Drooping eyelid, inability to close eye
  3. Inability to puff cheeks, no muscle tone
  4. Drooping mouth, food stuck in cheek
25
Q

What CN causes bells palsy?

A

Facial Nerve CN7

26
Q

List the facial nerve branches (5)

A
  1. Temporal
  2. Zygomatic
  3. Buccal
  4. Mandibular
  5. Cervical
27
Q

Function of the facial muscles:
Orbicularis Oris
Buccinator

A

Help to control food bolus and prevent spillage

28
Q

Define Bells palsy

A

Any type of facial paralysis that does not have any other associated causes like tumours, trauma and salivary gland inflammation

29
Q

List causes of Bells palsy (6)

A
  1. Infections
  2. Otitis media
  3. Diabetes
  4. Trauma
  5. Toxins
  6. Temporarily by infiltration of LA to the facial nerve branches during dental tx
30
Q

How does temporary bells palsy arise from LA?

A
  • Injecting too far distally leading to the parotid gland being penetrated, allowing the diffusion of the LA through glandular tissue
  • This affects all branches of the facial nerve
31
Q

How do we manage facial nerve palsy?

A
  • Patients should be informed and reassured

- Eye patch so the cornea is protected until the protective blink reflex returns

32
Q

Function of periodontal mechanoreceptors

A

While roots and their PDL remain, periodontal mechanoreceptors allow finer discrimination of food texture, tooth contacts and levels of functional loading

33
Q

List benefits of keeping the periodontal mechanoreceptors intact (3)

A

> Better appreciation of food + more precise control of mandibular movements than is provided by full dentures

Psychological benefit:
> By preventing the feeling of total loss of natural teeth
> Makes eventual transition to conventional complete dentures more acceptable

34
Q

What does the loss of periodontal mechanoreception influence? (4)

A
  1. The control of jaw function
  2. The precision of magnitude
  3. The direction
  4. The rate of occlusal load application
35
Q

What senses do mechanoreceptors respond to?

A

Touch

Pressure

36
Q

Threshold of mechanoreceptors

A

0.5mN

37
Q

Function of mechanoreceptors

A

Sensory receptor that responds to mechanical pressure or distortion

38
Q

Function of periodontal mechanoreceptors

A

Periodontal mechanoreceptors are very sensitive, enabling us to assess the direction of forces applied to teeth

39
Q

What oral functions do periodontal mechanoreceptors contribute to? (3)

A
  1. Mastication (food consistency)
  2. Salivation
  3. Interdental discrimination
40
Q

Define interdental discrimination (4)

A
  1. Ability to gauge extent of mouth opening
  2. Coordination of masticatory movements
  3. Monitoring size of food particles
  4. Detection of high spots
41
Q

What receptors contribute to interdental size discrimination (3)

A
  1. TMJ receptors
  2. Muscle receptors
  3. PDL receptors
42
Q

Function of a shim stock

A

Metal foil to test occlusion

8 microns thickness

43
Q

Define proprioception

A

Awareness of position and orientation of body parts

44
Q

What is proprioception served by? (3)

A
  1. Joint receptors
  2. Muscle receptors
  3. Periodontal receptors
45
Q

Define dysphagia

A

Many disorders can cause//lead to food getting stuck your oesophagus

46
Q

List disorders that can cause dysphagia

A
  1. Stroke
  2. Brain injury
  3. Multiple sclerosis
  4. Gastroesophageal reflux disorder
  5. Tumours
47
Q

Function of nociceptors

A

Respond to intense (noxious) stimuli, that are usually associated with pain

48
Q

Nasopharynx infections lead to loss of (2)

A

Loss of taste + olfaction

Oral Biology (10 decks)

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