Functional Groups (Unit 1) Flashcards
Simplest form of organic molecules
Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons
Carbon chains bonded to hydrogens
Alkanes
All single bonds
Alkenes
At least one double bond
Alkynes
At least on triple bond
What does a functional group replace
Hydrogen atom bonded to the carbon skeleton of hydrocarbons
Functional Group
Cluster of atoms that always behaves in a certain way
Number and arrangements of groups gives a molecule…
Unique properties
Functional groups contain
Oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous, sulfur
Types of functional groups
Hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, phosphate, sulfhydryl
Hydroxyl Group
Has an OH group. The group is polar due to electronegative oxygen, so it is also soluble. The more O, the more soluble
Hydroxyl Groups are found in
carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids
Carbonyl Group
Adds a double bond with oxygen. The electronegative oxygen makes the group polar.
Where are carbonyl groups found
Carbohydrates and nucleic acids
Carboxyl Groups
Carbonyl and Hydroxyl group on one carbon. Are acids because hydrogen will dissociate by strong pull from oxygens. Are polar and acidic.
Where are carboxyl groups found
Proteins and lipids
Amino Group
Adds an NH2. Electronegative nitrogen makes amino group polar. Is a base as nitrogen can pick up a proton from surrounding solution
Where are amino groups found
Proteins and nucleic acids
Zwitterions
When hydrogen lost from carboxyl is gained by amino. Found in amino acids
Phosphate Group
Is always charged so is very hydrophilic. May be attached or unattached.
Where are phosphate groups found?
Nucleic acids. They make DNA and RNA acidic
Sulfhydryl Group
Adds some polarity to organic molecules allowing for weak H bonds in proteins.
Where are sulfhydryl groups found?
Proteins
