Carbohydrates (Unit 1)

Question 1

Macromolecules

Answer 1

Very large molecules

Question 2

Polymers

Answer 2

Long chains of repeating monomers

Question 3

Monomers are joined together through

Answer 3

Condensation reactions

Question 4

Polymers can be broken into monomers through

Answer 4

Hydrolysis Reactions

Question 5

4 Main Biologically Important Molecules

Answer 5

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids

Question 6

Carbohydrates are made of

Answer 6

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Sugars have carbonyl and hydroxyl groups making them polar, hydrophilic, and soluble.

Question 7

Carbohydrates are used as

Answer 7

An energy source, for building materials, and for cell communications

Question 8

Monosaccharides

Answer 8

Single sugar units - the building blocks of polysaccharides.

Question 9

Types of monosaccharides

Answer 9

3C, 5C, and 7C but most common are 6C isomers - glucose, fructose, and galactose.

Question 10

Forms of Glucose

Answer 10

Alpha (when hydroxyl group on carbon 1 points down) and Beta (when hydroxyl group on carbon 1 points up)

Question 11

Between alpha and beta bonds, which are more difficult to digest?

Answer 11

Beta

Question 12

Disaccharides

Answer 12

When two monosaccharides join together through a condensation reaction between the hydroxyl group on carbon 1 and hydroxyl group on carbon 4. (Glycosidic Linkage)

Question 13

Common Disaccharides

Answer 13

Sucrose (glucose and fructose), Lactose (glucose and galactose), Maltose (Glucose and Glucose)

Question 14

Disaccharides are…

Answer 14

Hydrophilic and soluble

Question 15

How can disaccharides be broken

Answer 15

Hydrolysis, catalyzed with an enzyme

Question 16

Polysaccharides

Answer 16

A chain of 100s-1000s of monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkage. Are hydrophilic but insoluble due to length of chain and H bonds between hydroxyl groups of neighbouring chains

Question 17

Arrangements of glucose

Answer 17

Three types: glycogen, starch, cellulose

Question 18

Glycogen

Answer 18

Polymers of alpha glucose. Glucose storage for animals. Branching side chains allow for efficient storage

Question 19

Starch

Answer 19

Polymer of alpha glucose. Glucose storage in plants. Has fewer branching chains than glycogen. Amylose (no side chains) or amylopectin (some side chains)

Question 20

Why can glycogen and starch be easily broken down

Answer 20

The alpha bonds are easily broken

Question 21

Cellulose

Answer 21

Polymer of beta glucose. Provides structural support in plant cell walls.