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Biochemistry > Functional Groups Pt. 2 > Flashcards

Functional Groups Pt. 2 Flashcards

1
Q

A specific structural arrangement of atoms or bonds that imparts a characteristic reactivity to the molecule.

A

Functional Group

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2
Q

are collections of atoms that attach the carbon skeleton of an organic molecule and confer specific properties.

A

Functional groups

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3
Q

in biological molecules play an important role in the formation of molecules like DNA, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids.

A

Functional groups

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4
Q

Functional groups include:

A

hydroxyl, methyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, phosphate, and
sulfhydryl.

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5
Q
  • Only carbon and hydrogen
  • All single bonds
A

alkanes

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6
Q

What should you call cyclic hydrocarbons made up of just single bonds?

A

Cycloalkanes

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7
Q

Natural source of alkanes

A
  • natural gas
  • petroleum
  • coal
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8
Q
  • Only carbon and hydrogen
  • A carbon to carbon double bond
A

alkenes

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9
Q

What should you call a molecule with two C=Cs?

A

diene

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10
Q

is used in welding torches because it burns at high temperature

A

Ethyne (acetylene)

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11
Q

Many alkynes are of biological interest

A
  • Capillin
  • Dactylyne
  • Ethinyl estradiol
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12
Q

is an antifungal agent found naturally

A

Capillin

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13
Q

is a marine natural product

A

Dactylyne

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14
Q

is a synthetic estrogen used in oral contraceptives

A

Ethinyl estradiol

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15
Q

is the simpest alkyne

A

acetylene

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16
Q

it is used in blow torches and as a precursor for the synthesis of more complex alkynes

A

acetylene

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17
Q

histrionicotoxin

A

which cna be isolated from South American frogs and is used on poison-tipped arrows by South American tribes

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18
Q

a halogen (F, Cl, Br, I) replaces the hydrogen of an alkane

A

alkyl halides

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19
Q

halogen

A

F, Cl, Br, I

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20
Q

In alkyl halides, a _____________ replaces the hydrogen of an alkane

A

halogen (F, Cl, Br, I)

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21
Q

uses of alkyl halides

A
  • dry cleaning solvents
  • degreasing solvents
  • paint stripper
  • synthetic intermediates in idustry and the lab
22
Q

sources of alkyl halides

A
  • reactins of alkaswith halogens
  • nature, for instance halomon
23
Q
  • Only one oxygen
  • Has an O-H group
  • Can classify as 1º/2º/3º according to position of O-H group on carbon skeleton
A

alcohols

24
Q

Why are short-chain alcohols so soluble in water?

A

They can form hydrogen bonds with H2O molecules

25
Q

Some Alcohols

A
  • ethanol
  • adrenaline
  • pseudephidrine
  • glycerol
  • cholesterol
26
Q
  • Only one oxygen
  • Has an O-H group
  • The O-H group is directly attached to a benzene ring
A

phenols

27
Q

The C6H5- group has a special name. What is it?

A

Phenyl

28
Q
  • Only one oxygen
  • Has a C=O group
  • C=O group is at the end of carbon chain, so is next door to a hydrogen atom
A

aldehydes

29
Q

Aldehydes can be easily oxidised to form …?

A

Carboxylic acids

30
Q

can be found in food

A

aldehydes

31
Q

examples of aldehydes

A
  • cinnamaldehyde
  • vanillin
  • citral
    -citronellal
32
Q

the major component of cinnamon bark, is a common flavoring agent; odor of cinnamon

A

cinnamaldehyde

33
Q

is the primary component of the extract of the vanilla bean.

A

vanillin

34
Q

has the lemony odor characteristic of lemongrass

A

citral

35
Q

gives the distinctive lemon odor to citronella candles, commonly used to repel mosquitoes

A

citronellal

36
Q
  • Only one oxygen
  • Has a C=O group
  • C=O group is not at the end of carbon chain, so is next door to 2 carbons
A

ketones

37
Q

Ketones cannot easily be oxidised. Why not?

A

No hydrogen atom attached to the C=O group.

38
Q
  • Has 2 oxygens
  • Has O-H and C=O groups on the same carbon atom
  • This -COOH group has to be at the end of a carbon chain
A

carboxylic acids

39
Q

examples pf carboxylic acids

A
  • formic acid
  • acetic acid
  • citric acid
  • para-Aminobenzoic acid
40
Q
  • Has 2 oxygens
  • One oxygen is part of a C=O bond, the other is next door, sandwiched between two carbons
A

esters

41
Q

This ester can be made by reacting ethanoic acid with
a an alcohol. Name the alcohol, and name the ester.

A

Alcohol = methanol
ester = methyl ethanoate

42
Q

examples of esters

A
  • methyl salicylate
  • ethyl butyrate
  • isobutyl propionate
43
Q

oil of wintergreen

A

methyl salicylate

44
Q

essence of pineapple

A

ethyl butyrate

45
Q

essence of rum

A

isobutyl propionate

46
Q
  • Has 1 oxygen
  • No O-H or C=O group
  • The oxygen is sandwiched between two carbon atoms
A

ethers

47
Q

Why do ethers have much lower boiling points than their isomeric alcohols?

A

No hydrogen bonds between ether molecules

48
Q

are organic derivatives of ammonia

A

Amines

49
Q

They are classified according to how many alkyl groups replace the hydrogens of ammonia

A

Amines

50
Q
  • Has 1 oxygen
  • C=O group
  • Contains a nitrogen
A

Amide

51
Q
A

Biochemistry (9 decks)

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