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Biochemistry > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

Most of the matter in plants, except water, is

A

carbohydrate material

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2
Q

account for 75% of dry plant material and are produced by photosynthesis

A

Carbohydrates

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3
Q

structural element

A

Cellulose

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4
Q

energy reservoir

A

Starch/glycogen

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5
Q

are source of carbohydrates

A

Plant products

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6
Q

Average human diet contains

A

2/3 of carbohydrates

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7
Q

a sugar or carbohydrate that acts as an important energy store for the body

A

glycogen

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8
Q

Functions of Carbohydrates in the Human Body

A
  • Carbohydrate oxidation - provides energy
  • Carbohydrate storage, in the form of glycogen, provides a short-term energy reserve.
  • Carbohydrates supply carbon atoms for the synthesis of other biochemical substances (proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids)
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9
Q

Simpler Formula of Carbohydrates

A

CnH2nOn or Cn (H2O)n

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10
Q

Carbohydrates are __________________________ or
compounds that produce such substances upon
hydrolysis.

A

polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones

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11
Q

3 carbon atoms

A

Triose

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12
Q

4 carbon atoms

A

Tetrose

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13
Q

5 carbon atoms

A

Pentoses

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14
Q

6 carbon atoms

A

Hexoses

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15
Q

Monosaccharides with one aldehyde group

A

Aldoses

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16
Q

Monosaccharides with one ketone group

A

Ketoses

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17
Q

Contain single polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone unit

A

Monosaccharide

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18
Q

They can’t be broken down into simpler substances by
hydrolysis (reaction with water) reactions

A

Monosaccharide

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19
Q

Monosaccharide contains

A

3-7 C atoms

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20
Q

Water soluble white crystalline solids

A

Monosaccharide

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21
Q

examples of monosaccharides

A

Glucose and fructose

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22
Q

Monosaccharide with aldehyde group and 6 C atoms

A

D-glucose

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23
Q

Monosaccharide with ketone group and 6 C atoms

A

D-fructose

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24
Q
  1. Most abundant in nature
  2. Nutritionally most important
  3. Grape fruit good source of glucose (20 - 30%
    by mass) – also named grape sugar, dextrose
    and blood sugar (70 - 100 mg/100 mL of blood)
  4. Six membered cyclic form
A

Glucose

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25
Q
  1. Ketohexose
  2. Sweetest tasting of all sugars
  3. Found in many fruits and in honey
  4. Good dietary sugar– due to higher sweetness
  5. Five membered cyclic form
A

Fructose

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26
Q

the natural sugar found in fruits is

A

fructose

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27
Q
  1. Milk sugar
  2. Synthesize in human
  3. Also called brain sugar– part of brain and
    nerve tissue
  4. Used to differentiate between blood types
  5. Six membered cyclic form
A

Galactose

28
Q
  1. Part of RNA
  2. Part of ATP
  3. Part of DNA
  4. Five membered cyclic form
A

Ribose

29
Q

Cyclic monosaccharides that differ only in the position of the substituents on the anomeric carbon atom.

A

Anomers

30
Q

-OH of C1 and CH2OH of C5 are on opposite sides

A

Alpha-form

31
Q

-OH of C1 and CH2OH of C5 are on same sides

A

Beta-form

32
Q

is a twodimensional structural notation that specifies the three-dimensional structure of a cyclic form of a monosaccharide.

A

Haworth projection formula

33
Q

A cyclic monosaccharide containing a six-atom ring is
called a

A

pyranose

34
Q

one containing a five-atom ring is called

A

furanose

35
Q

Contains 2 monosaccharide units covalently bonded to each other

A

Disaccharides

36
Q

are crystalline and water soluble substances

A

Disaccharides

37
Q

are common disaccharides

A

Table sugar (sucrose) and milk sugar (lactose)

38
Q

One monosaccharide act as a hemiacetal and other as alcohol and the resulting ether bond is a

A

glycosidic linkage.

39
Q

Maltose also known as

A

malt sugar

40
Q

are rich in maltose

A

baby foods

41
Q

is produced as an intermediate in the hydrolysis of the polysaccharide cellulose

A

Cellobiose

42
Q

principal carbohydrate in milk

A

Lactose

43
Q

a condition in which people lack the enzyme lactase needed to hydrolyze lactose to galactose and glucose

A

Lactose intolerance

44
Q

The most abundant of all disaccharides and found in plants.

A

Sucrose (table sugar)

45
Q

Contains 3-10 monosaccharide units - covalently bonded
to each other

A

Oligosaccharides

46
Q

examples of oligosaccharides

A

Raffinose and Stachyose

47
Q

made of one each of galactose, glucose and fructose

A

Raffinose

48
Q

Stachyose

A

made of 2 galactose, 1 glucose and 1 fructose units

49
Q

Oligosaccharides are commonly found in

A

onions, cabbage, broccoli and wheat.

50
Q

The oligosaccharides responsible for blood groups are

A

D-galactose and its derivatives

51
Q

a potato toxin, is a oligosaccharide found in association with an alkaloid

A

Solanin

52
Q

Bitter taste of potatoes is due to relatively higher levels of

A

solanin

53
Q

Contains many monosaccharide units covalently bonded

A

Polysaccharides

54
Q

May contain a few 100s to > million monosaccharide units

A

Polymers

55
Q

Examples of Polysaccharides

A
  • Cellulose: Paper, cotton, wood
  • Starch: Bread, pasta, potatoes, rice, corn, beans, peas, etc
56
Q

Polymers of many monosaccharide units bonded with glycosidic linkages

A

The Polymer Chain

57
Q

Two types of polymer chain

A

Linear and branched, homo- and heteropolysaccharides

58
Q

A storage polysaccharide is a polysaccharide that is a
storage form for monosaccharides and is used as an
energy source in cells

A

starch

59
Q

Two types of polysaccharides isolated from starch

A

amylose and amylopectin

60
Q

– Human and animal storage polysaccharide
– Contains only glucose units
– Branched chain polymer – alpha (14) glycosidic bonds
in straight chains and alpha (16) in branches

A

Glycogen

61
Q

Linear homopolysaccharide with beta (14) glycosidic bond
* Up to 5000 glucose units with molecular mass of ~900,000 amu

A

cellulose

62
Q

– Similar to cellulose in both function and structure
– Linear polymer with all beta (14) glycosidic linkages - it has a Nacetyl amino derivative of glucose
– Function is to give rigidity to the exoskeletons of crabs, lobsters,
shrimp, insects, and other arthropods

A

chitin

63
Q

polysaccharides with a repeating disaccharide unit containing an amino sugar and a sugar with a negative charge due to a sulfate or a carboxyl group

A

Acidic Polysaccharides

64
Q

s a lipid molecule that has one or
more carbohydrate (or carbohydrate derivative)
units covalently bonded to it

A

glycolipid

65
Q

is a protein molecule that has one
or more carbohydrate (or carbohydrate
derivative) units covalently bonded to it

A

glycoprotein

66
Q
A

Biochemistry (9 decks)

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