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Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

Most of the matter in plants, except water, is

A

carbohydrate material

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2
Q

account for 75% of dry plant material and are produced by photosynthesis

A

Carbohydrates

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3
Q

structural element

A

Cellulose

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4
Q

energy reservoir

A

Starch/glycogen

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5
Q

are source of carbohydrates

A

Plant products

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6
Q

Average human diet contains

A

2/3 of carbohydrates

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7
Q

a sugar or carbohydrate that acts as an important energy store for the body

A

glycogen

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8
Q

Functions of Carbohydrates in the Human Body

A
  • Carbohydrate oxidation - provides energy
  • Carbohydrate storage, in the form of glycogen, provides a short-term energy reserve.
  • Carbohydrates supply carbon atoms for the synthesis of other biochemical substances (proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids)
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9
Q

Simpler Formula of Carbohydrates

A

CnH2nOn or Cn (H2O)n

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10
Q

Carbohydrates are __________________________ or
compounds that produce such substances upon
hydrolysis.

A

polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones

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11
Q

3 carbon atoms

A

Triose

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12
Q

4 carbon atoms

A

Tetrose

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13
Q

5 carbon atoms

A

Pentoses

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14
Q

6 carbon atoms

A

Hexoses

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15
Q

Monosaccharides with one aldehyde group

A

Aldoses

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16
Q

Monosaccharides with one ketone group

A

Ketoses

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17
Q

Contain single polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone unit

A

Monosaccharide

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18
Q

They can’t be broken down into simpler substances by
hydrolysis (reaction with water) reactions

A

Monosaccharide

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19
Q

Monosaccharide contains

A

3-7 C atoms

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20
Q

Water soluble white crystalline solids

A

Monosaccharide

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21
Q

examples of monosaccharides

A

Glucose and fructose

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22
Q

Monosaccharide with aldehyde group and 6 C atoms

A

D-glucose

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23
Q

Monosaccharide with ketone group and 6 C atoms

A

D-fructose

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24
Q
  1. Most abundant in nature
  2. Nutritionally most important
  3. Grape fruit good source of glucose (20 - 30%
    by mass) – also named grape sugar, dextrose
    and blood sugar (70 - 100 mg/100 mL of blood)
  4. Six membered cyclic form
A

Glucose

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25
1. Ketohexose 2. Sweetest tasting of all sugars 3. Found in many fruits and in honey 4. Good dietary sugar-- due to higher sweetness 5. Five membered cyclic form
Fructose
26
the natural sugar found in fruits is
fructose
27
1. Milk sugar 2. Synthesize in human 3. Also called brain sugar-- part of brain and nerve tissue 4. Used to differentiate between blood types 5. Six membered cyclic form
Galactose
28
1. Part of RNA 2. Part of ATP 3. Part of DNA 4. Five membered cyclic form
Ribose
29
Cyclic monosaccharides that differ only in the position of the substituents on the anomeric carbon atom.
Anomers
30
-OH of C1 and CH2OH of C5 are on opposite sides
Alpha-form
31
-OH of C1 and CH2OH of C5 are on same sides
Beta-form
32
is a twodimensional structural notation that specifies the three-dimensional structure of a cyclic form of a monosaccharide.
Haworth projection formula
33
A cyclic monosaccharide containing a six-atom ring is called a
pyranose
34
one containing a five-atom ring is called
furanose
35
Contains 2 monosaccharide units covalently bonded to each other
Disaccharides
36
are crystalline and water soluble substances
Disaccharides
37
are common disaccharides
Table sugar (sucrose) and milk sugar (lactose)
38
One monosaccharide act as a hemiacetal and other as alcohol and the resulting ether bond is a
glycosidic linkage.
39
Maltose also known as
malt sugar
40
are rich in maltose
baby foods
41
is produced as an intermediate in the hydrolysis of the polysaccharide cellulose
Cellobiose
42
principal carbohydrate in milk
Lactose
43
a condition in which people lack the enzyme lactase needed to hydrolyze lactose to galactose and glucose
Lactose intolerance
44
The most abundant of all disaccharides and found in plants.
Sucrose (table sugar)
45
Contains 3-10 monosaccharide units - covalently bonded to each other
Oligosaccharides
46
examples of oligosaccharides
Raffinose and Stachyose
47
made of one each of galactose, glucose and fructose
Raffinose
48
Stachyose
made of 2 galactose, 1 glucose and 1 fructose units
49
Oligosaccharides are commonly found in
onions, cabbage, broccoli and wheat.
50
The oligosaccharides responsible for blood groups are
D-galactose and its derivatives
51
a potato toxin, is a oligosaccharide found in association with an alkaloid
Solanin
52
Bitter taste of potatoes is due to relatively higher levels of
solanin
53
Contains many monosaccharide units covalently bonded
Polysaccharides
54
May contain a few 100s to > million monosaccharide units
Polymers
55
Examples of Polysaccharides
- Cellulose: Paper, cotton, wood - Starch: Bread, pasta, potatoes, rice, corn, beans, peas, etc
56
Polymers of many monosaccharide units bonded with glycosidic linkages
The Polymer Chain
57
Two types of polymer chain
Linear and branched, homo- and heteropolysaccharides
58
A storage polysaccharide is a polysaccharide that is a storage form for monosaccharides and is used as an energy source in cells
starch
59
Two types of polysaccharides isolated from starch
amylose and amylopectin
60
– Human and animal storage polysaccharide – Contains only glucose units – Branched chain polymer – alpha (14) glycosidic bonds in straight chains and alpha (16) in branches
Glycogen
61
Linear homopolysaccharide with beta (14) glycosidic bond * Up to 5000 glucose units with molecular mass of ~900,000 amu
cellulose
62
– Similar to cellulose in both function and structure – Linear polymer with all beta (14) glycosidic linkages - it has a Nacetyl amino derivative of glucose – Function is to give rigidity to the exoskeletons of crabs, lobsters, shrimp, insects, and other arthropods
chitin
63
polysaccharides with a repeating disaccharide unit containing an amino sugar and a sugar with a negative charge due to a sulfate or a carboxyl group
Acidic Polysaccharides
64
s a lipid molecule that has one or more carbohydrate (or carbohydrate derivative) units covalently bonded to it
glycolipid
65
is a protein molecule that has one or more carbohydrate (or carbohydrate derivative) units covalently bonded to it
glycoprotein
66

Biochemistry (9 decks)

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