Functional Anatomy Week 4 - the foot and the ankle Flashcards
Functions of the foot
Base of support
Adapt to uneven surfaces
Shock absorber
Provide propulsion
3 main arches on the foot
Medial arch
Lateral arch
Anterior transverse arch
What is the plantar arch
Area supported by 3 arches
Contacts the ground at 3 points
Head metatarsal I (medial side)
Head metatarsal V (lateral side)
Calcaneal tuberosity
The medial arch
The highest arch
No contact with the ground
Made up of 5 bones
5 bones that make up the medial arch
Calcaneus
Talus
Navicular
Medial cuneiform
Metatarsal I
Lateral arch
Flatter than the medial arch
In contact with the ground
3 bones that make up the lateral arch
Calcaneus
Cuboid
Metatarsal V
Anterior transverse arch
Relatively flat
Contacts ground
Formed by heads of the 5 metatarsals
Plantar fascia
Provides stabilisation
Extends from the calcaneus to the metatarsal heads
Strong layer of thick, fibrous tissue
It is an aponeurosis
Phases of walking
Heel strike
Stance phase
Heel off
Toe off
What happens to the arches during the heel strike?
What bone is the weight on?
The arches are raised
Calcaneus
What happens to the plantar tighteners during hell off?
They contract further to the foot is now a rigid lever
What happens during toe off?
As your big toe extends, it tightens the plantar fascia, reinforcing the medial arch - ‘Windlass mechanism’
Inversion and eversion
What is special about it?
Inversion - sole of foot faces inwards
Eversion - sole of foot faces outwards
The foot moves in 3 planes to creare this movement
3 movements that make up inversion
Plantar-flexion
Adduction
Supination
3 movements that make up eversion
Dorsiflexion
Abduction
Pronation
Movements at the hindfoot happen at the ____
subtalar joint
Movements at the forefoot happen at the ____
Midtarsal joint
During supernation when the foot is on the floor, what movements does the forefoot do
Adduction
Pronates
Plantarflexes
During supernation when the foot is on the floor, what movements does the hindfoot do
Abducts
Supinates
Dorsiflexes
During pronation when the foot is on the floor, what movements does the forefoot do
Abduction
Supernation
Dorsiflexes
During pronation when the foot is on the floor, what movements does the hindfoot do
Adduction
Pronation
Plantarflexion
Lower leg anterior compartment muscles
Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor hallucis longus
Peroneus/ fibularis tertius
Origin and insertion of the extensor hallucis longus
Interosseous membrane –> base of the distal phalanx of big toe
Origin and insertion of the extensor digitorum longus
Lateral tibial condyle, proximal half of medial surface of fibula, interosseous membrane –> distal and middle phalanges of digits 2-5
Origin and insertion of the tibialis anterior
Lateral surface of tibia, interosseous membrane –> medial cuneiform bone, base of metatasal bone 1
Lower leg posterior compartment muscles: Deep
Popliteus, Tibialis Posterior, Flexor Digitorum Longus, Flexor Hallucis Longus
Origin and insertion of the tibialis posterior
Posterior surface of tibia, posteior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane –> navicular, all cuneiform bones, cuboid, bases of metatarsal bones 2-4
Origin and insertion of flexor hallucis longus
Fibula –> distal phalanx of big toe
Origin and insertion of flexor digitorum longus
Posterior surface of tibia –> bases of distal phalanges of digits 2-5
Lower leg posterior compartment muscles: Superficial
Gastrocnemius, soleus & plantaris (Triceps surae collectively)
Origin and insertion of the soleus
Medial border of tibia, head of fibula, posterior border of fibula –> calcaneal tendon
Origin and insertion of the medial and lateral gastocnemius
Medial/lateral condyle of femur –> calcaneal tendon
Origin and insertion of the plantaris
Lateral supracondylar line of femur –> calcaneal tendon
Muscles that make up the lateral lower leg compartment
Fibularis Brevis and Fibularis Longus
Origin and insertion lf the fibularis brevis
Lower half of fibula –> base of metataral 5
Origin and insertion lf the fibularis longus
Head of fibula –> base of metatarsal 1 and medial cuneiform
Muscles that make up the dorsal intrinsic foot muscles
Extensor hallucis brevis, extensor digitorum, dorsal interossei
Origin and insertion of the extensor digitorum muscle
Calcaneus –> proximal phalanx of middle 3 toes
Origin and insertion of the extensor hallucis brevis muscle
Calcaneus –> proximal phalanx of big toe
Origin and insertion of the dorsal interossei
What are they responsible for
Metatarsal –> proximal phalanges
Responsible for abduction
Muscles that make up the 1st layer of the plantar intrinsic foot muscles
Abductor hallucis, abductor digiti minimi, flexor digitorum brevis
Origin and insertion of the flexor digitorum brevis
Calcaneus –> middle phalanx of toes 2-5
Origin and insertion of abductor digiti minimi
Calcaneus –> proximal phalanx of little toe
Origin and insertion of abductor hallucis
Calcaneus –> proximal phalanx of big toe
Muscles that make up the 2nd layer of the plantar intrinsic foot muscles
Quadratus plantae, lumbricals
Origin and insertion of quadratus plantae
Calcaneus –> tendon of flexor digitorum longus
Origin and insertion of the lumbricals
Tendon of flexor digitorum longus –> extensor expansion
Muscles that make up the 3rd layer of the plantar intrinsic foot muscles
Flexor hallucis brevis, flexor digiti minimi, adductor hallucis
Muscle that make up the 4th layer of the plantar intrinsic foot muscles
Plantar interossei
