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Functional Anatomy > Functional Anatomy Week 1 - terminology, connective tissues, bones > Flashcards

Functional Anatomy Week 1 - terminology, connective tissues, bones Flashcards

1
Q

Proximal and Distal end of the humerus

A

Proximal - closer to the trunk or some major point - connected to the shoulder
Distal - further from the trunk or some major point - connected to the elbow

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2
Q

Ipsilateral

A

same side

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3
Q

Contralateral

A

opposite side

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4
Q

Stand in the anatomical position

A

Standing upright, with legs together, toes pointing forwards, and palms forwards!

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5
Q

Based on the anatomical position, which finger will be the most medial finger on the hand

A

The little finger

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6
Q

3 axes of rotation

A

Transverse, longitudinal, sagittal(or the antero-posterior axis (AP-axis))

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7
Q

Movements in the shoulder for each of the 3 axes of rotation

A

Transverse - shoulder flexion and extension. Longitudinal - shoulder medial and lateral rotation
Sagittal/AP - shoulder adduction and abduction

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8
Q

4 examples of connective tissue

A

Bone, ligament, fat, blood

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9
Q

Functions of connective tissue

A

Bind and support other tissues e.g. ligament and bone
Protect and insulate organs e.g. fat
Transport nutrients e.g. blood

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10
Q

Connective tissues contain

A

Cells
The matrix which consists of protein fibres which sit in the ground substance

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11
Q

2 types of cells in connective tissues
Their suffix
Their job

A

Immature cell (-BLAST) which secretes the matrix
Mature cell (-CYTE) which maintains the matrix

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12
Q

The ground substance
What is it composed of
What is its job

A

Composed of proteoglycans (core protein chain and a polysaccharide side chain)
Job is to support the cells in the matrix and to bind cells together

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13
Q

What are the 2 types of protein fibre

A

Callogen fibres
Elastic fibres

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14
Q

Callogen fibres

A

Composed of the protein callogen
Resistant to tension
Often arranged in bundles, giving great strength
Similar to a curly wurly

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15
Q

Elastic fibres

A

Composed of elastin
Can be stretched 150% of their relaxed length

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16
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

Covers articular surfaces at joints
Reduces friction
Absorbs shock

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17
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Forms discs between joints e.g. spinal discs
Great strength

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18
Q

Dense regular connective tissue

A

Provides a strong attachment between structures
e.g. ligaments and tendons
Its matrix has collagen fibres in parallel bundles and therefore has great strength

19
Q

Dense regular connective tissue example 1: ligaments
What do they do

A

Attach bone to bone
Restrict excessive motion
Stabilise joint

20
Q

Dense regular connective tissue example 1: tendons
What do they do

A

Attach muscle to bone

21
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue

A

Provides strength in multiple directions
Matrix has collagen fibres arranged in multiple directions
E.g. deep fascia and a joint capsule

22
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue example 1: deep fascia

A

Sheet of connective tissue surrounding muscles
Holds together and separates muscles

23
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue example 1: joint capsule

A

Bag surrounding a synovial joint e.g. in the hip

24
Q

Functions of the skeleton (6)

A

Support
Protection
Movement
Production of the red blood cells
Storage of minerals
Endocrine regulation

25
Q

2 parts of the skeleton

A

Axial - the trunk, vertebrae, skull
Appendicular - extremities of body (limbs)

26
Q

What are the parts of the vertebrae

A

From the top:
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacrum
Coccyx

27
Q

Appendicular skeleton: hands

A

From the wrist:
Carpals
Metacarpals
Proximal phalanges
Intermediate phalanges
Distal phalanges

28
Q

Types of bone

A

Flat
Long
Short
Sesamoid
Irregular

29
Q

The composition of bone

A

Osseous tissue = collagen and minerals (calcium, phosphate, magnesium)
Compact bone provides the outer layer of bone
Spongy bone is on the inside. Arranged into a network called trebeculae. Very light - efficient for movement. Also very strong.

30
Q

Structure of a long bone

A

Diaphysis is the shaft - made of compact bone
Epiphysis are the 2 ends of bone. Covered in articular cartilage. Interior is filled with spongy bone. It is differentiated between the interior of the diaphysis by the epiphyseal line/plate in adults/children

31
Q

3 types of bone cells

A

Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts
Osteocytes

32
Q

Micro-structure of compact bone

A

Made up of a large number of parallel -tube shapes called osteons, each of which is made up of a central canal surrounded by expanding rings. Usually run from one epiphysis to the other.
In the centre of an osteon is a central haversian canal. Each canal is linked with neighbouring canals with tunnels that run at right angles between them called perforating canals

33
Q

Describe the process of osteogenesis

A

In a long bone, it begins at the centres of ossification.
Blood supply develops with bone tissue replacing cartilage as the osteoblasts secrete osteoid into the shaft of the long bone.
Ossification spreads into the epiphyses resulting in bone lengthening (secondary ossification centre)
Long bone lengthens during childhood, occurs at the epiphyseal plate,

34
Q

Bone remodelling

A

10% of bone is replaced each year
Bones subject to higher stress replace faster

35
Q

Wolff’s law

A

Bone density changes in response to the forces exerted on the bone

36
Q

Functional classification of joints

A

Based on the amount of movement between articulating bones
Immovable (synarthroses)
Slightly movable (amphiarthroses)
Freely moveable (diarthroses)

37
Q

Synarthroses

A

Strong union between articulating bones
Important at locations where bones provide protection for vital organs

38
Q

Amphiarthoroses

A

Joints with limited mobility e.g. joints between discs in vertebrae

39
Q

diarthroses

A

Freely mobile joints
Mostly found in the appendicular skeleton.
3 categories - uniaxial, biaxial, multiaxial

40
Q

Structural classification of joints

A

Describes how the articulating surfaces are connected
Fibrous: Dense connective tissue
Cartilaginous: fibro or hyaline cartilage
Synovial

41
Q

Structure of a synovial joint

A

Articular surfaces of bones are covered in hyaline cartilage
Fibrous joint capsule strengthened by ligaments and muscle that crosses the joint
Deep surface of the capsule is lined by a synovial membrane which secretes synovial fluid

42
Q

Types of synovial joint

A

Gliding
Hinge
Pivot
Ellipsoid
Saddle
B+S

43
Q

Joint arthrokinematics

A

Roll - one surface rolling over another
Spin
Slide/glide - one fixed point sliding over the surface

Functional Anatomy (11 decks)

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