Functional Anatomy Week 1 - terminology, connective tissues, bones

Question 1

Proximal and Distal end of the humerus

Answer 1

Proximal - closer to the trunk or some major point - connected to the shoulder
Distal - further from the trunk or some major point - connected to the elbow

Question 2

Ipsilateral

Answer 2

same side

Question 3

Contralateral

Answer 3

opposite side

Question 4

Stand in the anatomical position

Answer 4

Standing upright, with legs together, toes pointing forwards, and palms forwards!

Question 5

Based on the anatomical position, which finger will be the most medial finger on the hand

Answer 5

The little finger

Question 6

3 axes of rotation

Answer 6

Transverse, longitudinal, sagittal(or the antero-posterior axis (AP-axis))

Question 7

Movements in the shoulder for each of the 3 axes of rotation

Answer 7

Transverse - shoulder flexion and extension. Longitudinal - shoulder medial and lateral rotation
Sagittal/AP - shoulder adduction and abduction

Question 8

4 examples of connective tissue

Answer 8

Bone, ligament, fat, blood

Question 9

Functions of connective tissue

Answer 9

Bind and support other tissues e.g. ligament and bone
Protect and insulate organs e.g. fat
Transport nutrients e.g. blood

Question 10

Connective tissues contain

Answer 10

Cells
The matrix which consists of protein fibres which sit in the ground substance

Question 11

2 types of cells in connective tissues
Their suffix
Their job

Answer 11

Immature cell (-BLAST) which secretes the matrix
Mature cell (-CYTE) which maintains the matrix

Question 12

The ground substance
What is it composed of
What is its job

Answer 12

Composed of proteoglycans (core protein chain and a polysaccharide side chain)
Job is to support the cells in the matrix and to bind cells together

Question 13

What are the 2 types of protein fibre

Answer 13

Callogen fibres
Elastic fibres

Question 14

Callogen fibres

Answer 14

Composed of the protein callogen
Resistant to tension
Often arranged in bundles, giving great strength
Similar to a curly wurly

Question 15

Elastic fibres

Answer 15

Composed of elastin
Can be stretched 150% of their relaxed length

Question 16

Hyaline cartilage

Answer 16

Covers articular surfaces at joints
Reduces friction
Absorbs shock

Question 17

Fibrocartilage

Answer 17

Forms discs between joints e.g. spinal discs
Great strength

Question 18

Dense regular connective tissue

Answer 18

Provides a strong attachment between structures
e.g. ligaments and tendons
Its matrix has collagen fibres in parallel bundles and therefore has great strength

Question 19

Dense regular connective tissue example 1: ligaments
What do they do

Answer 19

Attach bone to bone
Restrict excessive motion
Stabilise joint

Question 20

Dense regular connective tissue example 1: tendons
What do they do

Answer 20

Attach muscle to bone

Question 21

Dense irregular connective tissue

Answer 21

Provides strength in multiple directions
Matrix has collagen fibres arranged in multiple directions
E.g. deep fascia and a joint capsule

Question 22

Dense irregular connective tissue example 1: deep fascia

Answer 22

Sheet of connective tissue surrounding muscles
Holds together and separates muscles

Question 23

Dense irregular connective tissue example 1: joint capsule

Answer 23

Bag surrounding a synovial joint e.g. in the hip

Question 24

Functions of the skeleton (6)

Answer 24

Support
Protection
Movement
Production of the red blood cells
Storage of minerals
Endocrine regulation

Question 25

2 parts of the skeleton

Answer 25

Axial - the trunk, vertebrae, skull Appendicular - extremities of body (limbs)

Question 26

What are the parts of the vertebrae

Answer 26

From the top: Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacrum Coccyx

Question 27

Appendicular skeleton: hands

Answer 27

From the wrist: Carpals Metacarpals Proximal phalanges Intermediate phalanges Distal phalanges

Question 28

Types of bone

Answer 28

Flat Long Short Sesamoid Irregular

Question 29

The composition of bone

Answer 29

Osseous tissue = collagen and minerals (calcium, phosphate, magnesium) Compact bone provides the outer layer of bone Spongy bone is on the inside. Arranged into a network called trebeculae. Very light - efficient for movement. Also very strong.

Question 30

Structure of a long bone

Answer 30

Diaphysis is the shaft - made of compact bone Epiphysis are the 2 ends of bone. Covered in articular cartilage. Interior is filled with spongy bone. It is differentiated between the interior of the diaphysis by the epiphyseal line/plate in adults/children

Question 31

3 types of bone cells

Answer 31

Osteoblasts Osteoclasts Osteocytes

Question 32

Micro-structure of compact bone

Answer 32

Made up of a large number of parallel -tube shapes called osteons, each of which is made up of a central canal surrounded by expanding rings. Usually run from one epiphysis to the other. In the centre of an osteon is a central haversian canal. Each canal is linked with neighbouring canals with tunnels that run at right angles between them called perforating canals

Question 33

Describe the process of osteogenesis

Answer 33

In a long bone, it begins at the centres of ossification. Blood supply develops with bone tissue replacing cartilage as the osteoblasts secrete osteoid into the shaft of the long bone. Ossification spreads into the epiphyses resulting in bone lengthening (secondary ossification centre) Long bone lengthens during childhood, occurs at the epiphyseal plate,

Question 34

Bone remodelling

Answer 34

10% of bone is replaced each year Bones subject to higher stress replace faster

Question 35

Wolff's law

Answer 35

Bone density changes in response to the forces exerted on the bone

Question 36

Functional classification of joints

Answer 36

Based on the amount of movement between articulating bones Immovable (synarthroses) Slightly movable (amphiarthroses) Freely moveable (diarthroses)

Question 37

Synarthroses

Answer 37

Strong union between articulating bones Important at locations where bones provide protection for vital organs

Question 38

Amphiarthoroses

Answer 38

Joints with limited mobility e.g. joints between discs in vertebrae

Question 39

diarthroses

Answer 39

Freely mobile joints Mostly found in the appendicular skeleton. 3 categories - uniaxial, biaxial, multiaxial

Question 40

Structural classification of joints

Answer 40

Describes how the articulating surfaces are connected Fibrous: Dense connective tissue Cartilaginous: fibro or hyaline cartilage Synovial

Question 41

Structure of a synovial joint

Answer 41

Articular surfaces of bones are covered in hyaline cartilage Fibrous joint capsule strengthened by ligaments and muscle that crosses the joint Deep surface of the capsule is lined by a synovial membrane which secretes synovial fluid

Question 42

Types of synovial joint

Answer 42

Gliding Hinge Pivot Ellipsoid Saddle B+S

Question 43

Joint arthrokinematics

Answer 43

Roll - one surface rolling over another Spin Slide/glide - one fixed point sliding over the surface