Functional Anatomy Week 1 - terminology, connective tissues, bones Flashcards
Proximal and Distal end of the humerus
Proximal - closer to the trunk or some major point - connected to the shoulder
Distal - further from the trunk or some major point - connected to the elbow
Ipsilateral
same side
Contralateral
opposite side
Stand in the anatomical position
Standing upright, with legs together, toes pointing forwards, and palms forwards!
Based on the anatomical position, which finger will be the most medial finger on the hand
The little finger
3 axes of rotation
Transverse, longitudinal, sagittal(or the antero-posterior axis (AP-axis))
Movements in the shoulder for each of the 3 axes of rotation
Transverse - shoulder flexion and extension. Longitudinal - shoulder medial and lateral rotation
Sagittal/AP - shoulder adduction and abduction
4 examples of connective tissue
Bone, ligament, fat, blood
Functions of connective tissue
Bind and support other tissues e.g. ligament and bone
Protect and insulate organs e.g. fat
Transport nutrients e.g. blood
Connective tissues contain
Cells
The matrix which consists of protein fibres which sit in the ground substance
2 types of cells in connective tissues
Their suffix
Their job
Immature cell (-BLAST) which secretes the matrix
Mature cell (-CYTE) which maintains the matrix
The ground substance
What is it composed of
What is its job
Composed of proteoglycans (core protein chain and a polysaccharide side chain)
Job is to support the cells in the matrix and to bind cells together
What are the 2 types of protein fibre
Callogen fibres
Elastic fibres
Callogen fibres
Composed of the protein callogen
Resistant to tension
Often arranged in bundles, giving great strength
Similar to a curly wurly
Elastic fibres
Composed of elastin
Can be stretched 150% of their relaxed length
Hyaline cartilage
Covers articular surfaces at joints
Reduces friction
Absorbs shock
Fibrocartilage
Forms discs between joints e.g. spinal discs
Great strength
Dense regular connective tissue
Provides a strong attachment between structures
e.g. ligaments and tendons
Its matrix has collagen fibres in parallel bundles and therefore has great strength
Dense regular connective tissue example 1: ligaments
What do they do
Attach bone to bone
Restrict excessive motion
Stabilise joint
Dense regular connective tissue example 1: tendons
What do they do
Attach muscle to bone
Dense irregular connective tissue
Provides strength in multiple directions
Matrix has collagen fibres arranged in multiple directions
E.g. deep fascia and a joint capsule
Dense irregular connective tissue example 1: deep fascia
Sheet of connective tissue surrounding muscles
Holds together and separates muscles
Dense irregular connective tissue example 1: joint capsule
Bag surrounding a synovial joint e.g. in the hip
Functions of the skeleton (6)
Support
Protection
Movement
Production of the red blood cells
Storage of minerals
Endocrine regulation
2 parts of the skeleton
Axial - the trunk, vertebrae, skull
Appendicular - extremities of body (limbs)
What are the parts of the vertebrae
From the top:
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacrum
Coccyx
Appendicular skeleton: hands
From the wrist:
Carpals
Metacarpals
Proximal phalanges
Intermediate phalanges
Distal phalanges
Types of bone
Flat
Long
Short
Sesamoid
Irregular
The composition of bone
Osseous tissue = collagen and minerals (calcium, phosphate, magnesium)
Compact bone provides the outer layer of bone
Spongy bone is on the inside. Arranged into a network called trebeculae. Very light - efficient for movement. Also very strong.
Structure of a long bone
Diaphysis is the shaft - made of compact bone
Epiphysis are the 2 ends of bone. Covered in articular cartilage. Interior is filled with spongy bone. It is differentiated between the interior of the diaphysis by the epiphyseal line/plate in adults/children
3 types of bone cells
Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts
Osteocytes
Micro-structure of compact bone
Made up of a large number of parallel -tube shapes called osteons, each of which is made up of a central canal surrounded by expanding rings. Usually run from one epiphysis to the other.
In the centre of an osteon is a central haversian canal. Each canal is linked with neighbouring canals with tunnels that run at right angles between them called perforating canals
Describe the process of osteogenesis
In a long bone, it begins at the centres of ossification.
Blood supply develops with bone tissue replacing cartilage as the osteoblasts secrete osteoid into the shaft of the long bone.
Ossification spreads into the epiphyses resulting in bone lengthening (secondary ossification centre)
Long bone lengthens during childhood, occurs at the epiphyseal plate,
Bone remodelling
10% of bone is replaced each year
Bones subject to higher stress replace faster
Wolff’s law
Bone density changes in response to the forces exerted on the bone
Functional classification of joints
Based on the amount of movement between articulating bones
Immovable (synarthroses)
Slightly movable (amphiarthroses)
Freely moveable (diarthroses)
Synarthroses
Strong union between articulating bones
Important at locations where bones provide protection for vital organs
Amphiarthoroses
Joints with limited mobility e.g. joints between discs in vertebrae
diarthroses
Freely mobile joints
Mostly found in the appendicular skeleton.
3 categories - uniaxial, biaxial, multiaxial
Structural classification of joints
Describes how the articulating surfaces are connected
Fibrous: Dense connective tissue
Cartilaginous: fibro or hyaline cartilage
Synovial
Structure of a synovial joint
Articular surfaces of bones are covered in hyaline cartilage
Fibrous joint capsule strengthened by ligaments and muscle that crosses the joint
Deep surface of the capsule is lined by a synovial membrane which secretes synovial fluid
Types of synovial joint
Gliding
Hinge
Pivot
Ellipsoid
Saddle
B+S
Joint arthrokinematics
Roll - one surface rolling over another
Spin
Slide/glide - one fixed point sliding over the surface
