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Functional Anatomy > Functional Anatomy Week 3 - kinematics, knee joint and muscles > Flashcards

Functional Anatomy Week 3 - kinematics, knee joint and muscles Flashcards

1
Q

2 types of linear motion
what do they mean

A

Rectilinear motion - all parts of an object or athlete move the same distance in the same direction at the same time
Curvilinear motion - same as rectilinear motion but over a curved path

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2
Q

Angular velocity

A

The rate of change of the angular position of a rotating body

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3
Q

General motion

A

A combination of linear and rotary motions

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4
Q

2 main forms of biomechanical analysis

A

Kinetics - study of relationships between the forces acting on the body and how those forces affect motion
Kinematics - geometry of the motion of objects which includes displacement, velocity and acceleration

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5
Q

Example of a spatial reference system

A

Cartesian coordinate system
-Joint is given a code, and tracked by cameras - used by FIFA on footballers

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6
Q

Scalars and vectors

A

Scalars have a magnitude - mass, distance, speed
Vectors have a magnitude and direction - velocity, weight, acceleration

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7
Q

How to calculate velocity

A

Change in displacement/change in time

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8
Q

If the velocity of an object is decreasing then its acceleration is

A

Negative

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9
Q

Conseravation of momentum

A

The total momentum of a system in any direction will remain constant unless an external force acts upon it

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10
Q

Momentum =

A

Mass x velocity

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11
Q

Impulse =

A

Force x time
Or the area under the force time graph

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12
Q

Impulse represents

A

A net external force and therefore produces a change in momentum

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13
Q

Impulse-momentum relationship using newtons 2nd law

A

Force = mass x acc
Acc = change in velocity/change in time
Times both sides by change in time
Force x time = mass x velocity

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14
Q

Using the formula force x time = mass x velocity, any change in impulse represents a

A

Change in velocity as mass is constant

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15
Q

Force, or external force, can also be represented as

A

Impact, as the external force is the impact of a body landing from a jump

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16
Q

2 joints in the knee

A

Patellofemoral joint
Tibiofemoral joint

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17
Q

Functions of knee joint

A

Support body weight (stability)
Transmit forces between femur and tibia (stability)
Provide movement (mobility)

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18
Q

Compromise between knee stability and mobility

A

Great stability in extension and great mobility in flexion

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19
Q

The tibiofemoral joint is a

A

Synovial, bicondylar joint between femoral condyles and tibial articular surfaces

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20
Q

Which femoral condyle’s articular profile is longer

A

Lateral

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21
Q

The ______ tibial condyle is larger and more oval shape

A

Medial

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22
Q

On top of the articular surfaces are

A

Semi lunar fibrocartilage discs called menisci

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23
Q

Function of menisci

A

Congruence between articular surfaces
Assist weight bearing across joints
Shock absorber

24
Q

4 major ligaments

A

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
Medial collateral ligament (MCL)
Lateral collateral ligament (LCL)

25
Q

2 extra capsular ligaments at the knee

A

The medial and lateral collateral ligaments

26
Q

What does the medial collateral ligament prevent

A

Prevents valgus displacement –> abduction of a joint that isnt meant to abduct

27
Q

Key information about the LCL

A

Attaches onto the fibula
Prevents varus displacement –> adduction of a joint that isn’t meant to adduct

28
Q

2 intra capsular ligaments

A

ACL and PCL

29
Q

Anterior cruciate ligament

A

Hands in pockets ligament
Prevents anterior tibial displacement (tibia moving forwards on the femur) - anterior cruciate ligament prevents anterior tibial displacement

30
Q

Posterior cruciate ligament

A

Prevents posterior tibial displacement
Starts at the back

31
Q

What is the patellofemoral joint

A

Synovial saddle joint betwen articular surface of patella and patella furface of femur

32
Q

Type of bone the patella is
Functions of patella

A

Largest sesamoid bone in the body
Patella allows quadricep to pull the tibia around the femur and extension of the knee
Reduces friction

33
Q

What happens to the patella during knee extension and flextion

A

During knee extension, patella moves proximally up the femur
During flexion, the patella moves distally

34
Q

What is the joint capsule and what does it do

A

A fibrous bag of dense irregular connective tissue and holds synovial fluid in the joint

35
Q

What are bursa

A

Fluid filled sacs designed to reduce friction

36
Q

The tibiofemoral joint is a ____ joint

A

Biaxial joint
Movement occurs in 2 planes around 2 axis

37
Q

Movements at the knee

A

Flexion and extension about horizontal axis in sagittal plane
Medial and lateral rotation about a vertical axis in the transverse plane

38
Q

Closed pack position of the knee

A

The most stable position - extension - most contact between surfaces. No rotation possible in this position
When knee goes into closed pack position –> locking mechanism

39
Q

Role of the popliteus in knee flexion

A

Unlocks the closed pack position
As it contracts it laterally rotates the femur on the tibia, allowing for knee flexion.
It attaches onto the meniscus and pulls the lateral meniscus backwards and stops it from getting trapped during knee flexion

40
Q

Muscles that produce medial rotation of the tibia in flexion

A

Semiteninosus, semimembranosus, gracilis and sartorius

41
Q

Muscles that produce lateral rotation of the tibia in extension

A

Long and short heads of bicep femoris

42
Q

Muscles that produce knee flexion

A

Biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus, sartorius, gracilis, gastrocnemius (medial and lateral head)

43
Q

Muscles that produce knee extension

A

Rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, tensor fascia latae

44
Q

Why does the gastrocnemius produce knee flexion

A

Both heads cross over the knee joint

45
Q

Origin and insertion of the medial and lateral head of the gastrocnemius

A

Medial condyle of femur –> Achilles tendon
Lateral condyle of femur –> Achilles tendon

46
Q

Origin and insertion of semitendonosus

A

Ischium –> tibia (anteriorly)

47
Q

Origin and insertion of semimembranosus

A

Ischium –> tibia (more posteriorally)

48
Q

Origin and insertion of gracilis

A

Pubis –>medial tibia at the pes anserinus

49
Q

Origin and insertion of sartorius

A

ASIS –> medial side of tibia

50
Q

Origin and insertion of long head of biceps femoris

A

Ishcial tuberosity –> head of fibula

51
Q

Origin and insertion of short head of biceps femoris

A

Femur, attaches into same tendon as long head –> head of fibula

52
Q

Muscles that cause knee extension

A

Rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, tensor fascia latae

53
Q

Origin and insertion of rectus femoris

A

ASIS –> top of patella

54
Q

Origin and insertion of vastus medialis and lateralis

A

medialis = upper part of femur, runs down linear aspera –> medial part of patella
lateralis = upper part of femur, runs down linear aspera –> lateral part of patella

55
Q

Origin and insertion of vastus intermedialis

A

upper femoral shaft –> upper border of patella

56
Q

What happens to the quadracep muscles when they connect into the patella

A

All 4 hamstring muscles connect into the upper border of the patella, then the ligament goes to the tibial tuberosity

Functional Anatomy (11 decks)

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