Functional Anatomy Week 2 - muscles, hip and femur bones, muscles and ligaments

Question 1

What do muscles do

Answer 1

Produce movement
Maintain postures and positions
Protection
Driving circulatory system (vascular pump)

Question 2

3 different types of muscle

Answer 2

Smooth
Cardiac
Skeletal

Question 3

What types of muscles contract involuntarily

Answer 3

Smooth and cardiac muscles

Question 4

What types of muscles contract voluntarily

Answer 4

Skeletal muscles

Question 5

What was the early prediction about how a muscle contracts?

Answer 5

‘Animal spirit’ flowed from the head to the muscles and that the volume of a muscle increases when contracting

Question 6

The baloonist theory

Answer 6

Attempted to explain muscle movement by asserting that muscles cotract by inflating with air or flud.

Question 7

Debunking of the balloonist theory

Answer 7

Jan Swammerdam placed a frog thigh muscle in an airtight syringe with water in the tip, therefore he could determine whether there was a change in volume of the muscle when it contracted by observing a change in the level of water
When JS caused muscle to contract by irritating nerve, the water level didnt rise but was lowered –> no air/fluid could be flowing into the muscle hence the balloonist theory was wrong

Question 8

Aponeurosis

Answer 8

A sheet where 2 groups of muscle fibres converge

Question 9

Muscle fibre architecture

Answer 9

If fibres are parallel to axis of muscle = parallel
If fibres cross over axis = bipennate, unipennate, multipennate

Question 10

Location of the ilium

Answer 10

The large, curved bone, superior of the pelvis

Question 11

What is the PCSA

Answer 11

Physiological cross-sectional area
The area of the cross section of a muscle perpendicular to its fibres

Question 12

Diffferences between penate muscles and parallel muscles

Answer 12

Penate muscles are stronger as more fibres are packed - they have greater PCSA
However, penate muscles are slower as its fibres have to shorten over a greater distance than parallel muscles

Question 13

Muscles consist of

Answer 13

Bundles of muscle fascicles
Each fascicles is a bundle of muscle fibres
Each fibre is a bundle of myofibrils
Myofibrils are sarcomeres connected in series

Question 14

Location of the pubis

Answer 14

At the anterior of the pelvis

Question 15

What are the 2 parts of the pubis

Answer 15

The superior and inferior pubic rami

Question 16

Location of the ischium

Answer 16

Posterior inferior aspect of the pelvis

Question 17

Parts of the ilium

Answer 17

Iliac crest
Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)
Posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS)

Question 18

What is the part of the body that we sit on called

Answer 18

Ischial tuberosity

Question 19

Parts of the femur

Answer 19

Head
Neck
Shaft
Greater trochanter - lateral side
Lesser trochanter - medial side
Adductor tubercle - where some of the adductor muscles attatch onto
Medial femoral condyle
Lateral femoral condyle

Question 20

Where does the femur connect to the hip
What surrounds it

Answer 20

Acetabulum - made up of all 3 of the ischium, ilium and pubis
Lunate surface of the acetabulum surrounds it

Question 21

Difference between a male and female pelvis

Answer 21

Males have higher iliac crests
Pelvic inlet is more heart shape on a male. It is more round on a female
Angle between the two inferior pubic rami on a male is much smaller

Question 22

Where is the synovial membrane on the femur located
What does it do

Answer 22

Surrounds the head of the femur
Secretes synovial fluid into the joint

Question 23

A soft tissue of the hip joint attached to the acetabular rim
What is its job

Answer 23

The acetabular labrum
Extends the socket out to hold the femur more tightly into the joint

Question 24

A structure more superficial to the synovial membrane and surrounds the head and neck of the femur

Answer 24

The joint capsule

Question 25

What are ligaments inside/outside the joint capsule called

Answer 25

Intra/Extra-capsular ligaments

Question 26

3 extra-capsular ligaments

Answer 26

iliofemoral, pubofemoral, ischiofemoral they loosen during flexion (provides more stability during extension which is necessary for standing up)

Question 27

Location, origin and insertion of the inguinal liagament

Answer 27

Runs anteriorally along the front of the pelvis Origin is the ASIS and inserts into the pubis

Question 28

What are the main bursae located at the hip called What does it do

Answer 28

Iliopectineal bursa - located anterior to the hip joint capsule Trochanteric bursa - located on greater trochanter Reduce friction where tendons, muscles, soft tissue cross over one another

Question 29

2 intracapsular ligaments and their locations

Answer 29

Transverse acetabular ligament - sits between the 2 ends of the lunate surface of the acetabulum Ligamentum teres - located in the centre of the acetabulum and connects into the dimple on the head of the femur. Holds head of femur in place. Has a blood supply which supplies blood into femur

Question 30

What are the hip flexors

Answer 30

iliacus, psoas major, pectineus, rectus femoris, sartorius

Question 31

What are the hip extensors

Answer 31

Biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus, gluteus maximus

Question 32

Origin and insertion of the iliacus

Answer 32

Medial aspect of the iliac crest --> lesser trochanter of femur

Question 33

Origin and insertion of the psoas major

Answer 33

Vertebral bodies of T12 and L4 --> lesser trochanter of femur

Question 34

Origin and insertion of the pectineus

Answer 34

Superior rami of the pubis --> pectineal line

Question 35

Origin and insertion of the rectus femoris

Answer 35

ASIS --> tendon at the top of the patella, before this attatches to below the knee, inserts onto tibial tuberosity

Question 36

Origin and insertion of the sartorius

Answer 36

ASIS --> anterior medial side of the tibia

Question 37

Innervation of the hip flexors

Answer 37

Femoral nerve Psoas major NOT included - inervated by nerves in the vertebrae

Question 38

Origin and insertion of the long head of the biceps femoris

Answer 38

Ischial tuberosity --> lateral aspect of head of fibula

Question 39

Origin and insertion of the semitendinosus

Answer 39

Ischial tuberosity --> proximal end of tibia below medial condyle

Question 40

Origin and insertion of the semimembranosus

Answer 40

Ischial tuberosity --> medial condyle of the tibia

Question 41

Origin and insertion of the gluteus maximus

Answer 41

Iliac crest, sacrum and coccyx --> femur and ilioibial band

Question 42

Innervation of the hip extensors

Answer 42

Glut max - inferior gluteal nerve Hamstrings - sciatic nerve

Question 43

What are the hip abductor muscles

Answer 43

Gluetus minimus, gluteus medias, gluteus maximus, tensor fascia latae

Question 44

Origin and insertion of the gluteus minimums

Answer 44

ilium --> greater trochanter of femur

Question 45

Origin and insertion of the gluteus medias

Answer 45

ilium --> greater trochanter of femur

Question 46

Origin and insertion of the tensor fascia latae

Answer 46

ilium --> iliotibial band

Question 47

Innervation of the hip abductors

Answer 47

glut max - inferior gluteal nerve glut med + min, TFL --> superior gluteal nerve

Question 48

What are the hip adductors

Answer 48

Adductor magnus, adductor longus, adductor brevis, pectineus and gracilis

Question 49

Origin and insertion of Adductor magnus

Answer 49

Pubic ramus, ischial ramus --> linear aspera

Question 50

Origin and insertion of Adductor brevis

Answer 50

Pubis --> linear aspera

Question 51

Origin and insertion of Adductor longus

Answer 51

Pubis --> linear aspera

Question 52

Origin and insertion of pectineus

Answer 52

pectineal line of pubis --> pectineal line of femur

Question 53

Origin and insertion of gracilis

Answer 53

Inferior pubic rami --> medial tibia at the pes anserinus

Question 54

Innervation of the hip adductor muscles

Answer 54

Obturator and sciatic nerve

Question 55

What are the hip internal rotators

Answer 55

Gluteus minimus, gluteus medius and tensor fascia latae

Question 56

What are the hip external rotators

Answer 56

Obturator internus and externus, Gemellus inferior and superior, quadratus femoris, piriformis and gluteus maximus

Question 57

Origin and insertion of the obturator internus and externus

Answer 57

Internus = obturator membrane --> greater trochanter Externus = obtutator membrane --> greater trochanter

Question 58

Origin and insertion of the superior and inferior gemellus muscle

Answer 58

Superior = ischium --> greater trochanter Inferior = ischium --> greater trochanter

Question 59

Origin and insertion of the quadratus femoris

Answer 59

Ischial tuberosity --> Intertrochanteric crest of femur

Question 60

Origin and insertion of the piriformis

Answer 60

Anterior aspect of sacrum --> greater trochater