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Functional Anatomy > Functional Anatomy Week 2 - muscles, hip and femur bones, muscles and ligaments > Flashcards

Functional Anatomy Week 2 - muscles, hip and femur bones, muscles and ligaments Flashcards

1
Q

What do muscles do

A

Produce movement
Maintain postures and positions
Protection
Driving circulatory system (vascular pump)

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2
Q

3 different types of muscle

A

Smooth
Cardiac
Skeletal

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3
Q

What types of muscles contract involuntarily

A

Smooth and cardiac muscles

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4
Q

What types of muscles contract voluntarily

A

Skeletal muscles

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5
Q

What was the early prediction about how a muscle contracts?

A

‘Animal spirit’ flowed from the head to the muscles and that the volume of a muscle increases when contracting

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6
Q

The baloonist theory

A

Attempted to explain muscle movement by asserting that muscles cotract by inflating with air or flud.

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7
Q

Debunking of the balloonist theory

A

Jan Swammerdam placed a frog thigh muscle in an airtight syringe with water in the tip, therefore he could determine whether there was a change in volume of the muscle when it contracted by observing a change in the level of water
When JS caused muscle to contract by irritating nerve, the water level didnt rise but was lowered –> no air/fluid could be flowing into the muscle hence the balloonist theory was wrong

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8
Q

Aponeurosis

A

A sheet where 2 groups of muscle fibres converge

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9
Q

Muscle fibre architecture

A

If fibres are parallel to axis of muscle = parallel
If fibres cross over axis = bipennate, unipennate, multipennate

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10
Q

Location of the ilium

A

The large, curved bone, superior of the pelvis

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11
Q

What is the PCSA

A

Physiological cross-sectional area
The area of the cross section of a muscle perpendicular to its fibres

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12
Q

Diffferences between penate muscles and parallel muscles

A

Penate muscles are stronger as more fibres are packed - they have greater PCSA
However, penate muscles are slower as its fibres have to shorten over a greater distance than parallel muscles

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13
Q

Muscles consist of

A

Bundles of muscle fascicles
Each fascicles is a bundle of muscle fibres
Each fibre is a bundle of myofibrils
Myofibrils are sarcomeres connected in series

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14
Q

Location of the pubis

A

At the anterior of the pelvis

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15
Q

What are the 2 parts of the pubis

A

The superior and inferior pubic rami

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16
Q

Location of the ischium

A

Posterior inferior aspect of the pelvis

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17
Q

Parts of the ilium

A

Iliac crest
Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)
Posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS)

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18
Q

What is the part of the body that we sit on called

A

Ischial tuberosity

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19
Q

Parts of the femur

A

Head
Neck
Shaft
Greater trochanter - lateral side
Lesser trochanter - medial side
Adductor tubercle - where some of the adductor muscles attatch onto
Medial femoral condyle
Lateral femoral condyle

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20
Q

Where does the femur connect to the hip
What surrounds it

A

Acetabulum - made up of all 3 of the ischium, ilium and pubis
Lunate surface of the acetabulum surrounds it

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21
Q

Difference between a male and female pelvis

A

Males have higher iliac crests
Pelvic inlet is more heart shape on a male. It is more round on a female
Angle between the two inferior pubic rami on a male is much smaller

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22
Q

Where is the synovial membrane on the femur located
What does it do

A

Surrounds the head of the femur
Secretes synovial fluid into the joint

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23
Q

A soft tissue of the hip joint attached to the acetabular rim
What is its job

A

The acetabular labrum
Extends the socket out to hold the femur more tightly into the joint

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24
Q

A structure more superficial to the synovial membrane and surrounds the head and neck of the femur

A

The joint capsule

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25
Q

What are ligaments inside/outside the joint capsule called

A

Intra/Extra-capsular ligaments

26
Q

3 extra-capsular ligaments

A

iliofemoral, pubofemoral, ischiofemoral
they loosen during flexion (provides more stability during extension which is necessary for standing up)

27
Q

Location, origin and insertion of the inguinal liagament

A

Runs anteriorally along the front of the pelvis
Origin is the ASIS and inserts into the pubis

28
Q

What are the main bursae located at the hip called
What does it do

A

Iliopectineal bursa - located anterior to the hip joint capsule
Trochanteric bursa - located on greater trochanter
Reduce friction where tendons, muscles, soft tissue cross over one another

29
Q

2 intracapsular ligaments and their locations

A

Transverse acetabular ligament - sits between the 2 ends of the lunate surface of the acetabulum
Ligamentum teres - located in the centre of the acetabulum and connects into the dimple on the head of the femur. Holds head of femur in place. Has a blood supply which supplies blood into femur

30
Q

What are the hip flexors

A

iliacus, psoas major, pectineus, rectus femoris, sartorius

31
Q

What are the hip extensors

A

Biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus, gluteus maximus

32
Q

Origin and insertion of the iliacus

A

Medial aspect of the iliac crest –> lesser trochanter of femur

33
Q

Origin and insertion of the psoas major

A

Vertebral bodies of T12 and L4 –> lesser trochanter of femur

34
Q

Origin and insertion of the pectineus

A

Superior rami of the pubis –> pectineal line

35
Q

Origin and insertion of the rectus femoris

A

ASIS –> tendon at the top of the patella, before this attatches to below the knee, inserts onto tibial tuberosity

36
Q

Origin and insertion of the sartorius

A

ASIS –> anterior medial side of the tibia

37
Q

Innervation of the hip flexors

A

Femoral nerve
Psoas major NOT included - inervated by nerves in the vertebrae

38
Q

Origin and insertion of the long head of the biceps femoris

A

Ischial tuberosity –> lateral aspect of head of fibula

39
Q

Origin and insertion of the semitendinosus

A

Ischial tuberosity –> proximal end of tibia below medial condyle

40
Q

Origin and insertion of the semimembranosus

A

Ischial tuberosity –> medial condyle of the tibia

41
Q

Origin and insertion of the gluteus maximus

A

Iliac crest, sacrum and coccyx –> femur and ilioibial band

42
Q

Innervation of the hip extensors

A

Glut max - inferior gluteal nerve
Hamstrings - sciatic nerve

43
Q

What are the hip abductor muscles

A

Gluetus minimus, gluteus medias, gluteus maximus, tensor fascia latae

44
Q

Origin and insertion of the gluteus minimums

A

ilium –> greater trochanter of femur

45
Q

Origin and insertion of the gluteus medias

A

ilium –> greater trochanter of femur

46
Q

Origin and insertion of the tensor fascia latae

A

ilium –> iliotibial band

47
Q

Innervation of the hip abductors

A

glut max - inferior gluteal nerve
glut med + min, TFL –> superior gluteal nerve

48
Q

What are the hip adductors

A

Adductor magnus, adductor longus, adductor brevis, pectineus and gracilis

49
Q

Origin and insertion of Adductor magnus

A

Pubic ramus, ischial ramus –> linear aspera

50
Q

Origin and insertion of Adductor brevis

A

Pubis –> linear aspera

51
Q

Origin and insertion of Adductor longus

A

Pubis –> linear aspera

52
Q

Origin and insertion of pectineus

A

pectineal line of pubis –> pectineal line of femur

53
Q

Origin and insertion of gracilis

A

Inferior pubic rami –> medial tibia at the pes anserinus

54
Q

Innervation of the hip adductor muscles

A

Obturator and sciatic nerve

55
Q

What are the hip internal rotators

A

Gluteus minimus, gluteus medius and tensor fascia latae

56
Q

What are the hip external rotators

A

Obturator internus and externus, Gemellus inferior and superior, quadratus femoris, piriformis and gluteus maximus

57
Q

Origin and insertion of the obturator internus and externus

A

Internus = obturator membrane –> greater trochanter
Externus = obtutator membrane –> greater trochanter

58
Q

Origin and insertion of the superior and inferior gemellus muscle

A

Superior = ischium –> greater trochanter
Inferior = ischium –> greater trochanter

59
Q

Origin and insertion of the quadratus femoris

A

Ischial tuberosity –> Intertrochanteric crest of femur

60
Q

Origin and insertion of the piriformis

A

Anterior aspect of sacrum –> greater trochater

Functional Anatomy (11 decks)

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