Function and Dysfunction of the Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia

Question 1

Feedback

Answer 1

regulation tends to be slow and attempts to speed it up cause oscillations.

Question 2

Feedforward

Answer 2

activate preemptively, counteracting the coming change, and maintaining stable target value.

Question 3

The error signal is used to alter the mapping between the input and output variables so that the target is achieved the next time. This is an example of:

Answer 3

adaptive feedforward control

Question 4

Error to Update the Model

Answer 4

Adaptive Controller.
Need to recalibrate predictions about which joint angles will result in effector at which visual coordinate

Use target error to recalibrate

Learning= Progressive decrease in the difference between the observed and the expected outcome of an interaction

Question 5

Primary visual cortex

Answer 5

Calcarine sulcus

Question 6

VTA/SNc

Answer 6

x

Question 7

______ is the origin of the dopaminergic cell bodies of the dopamine system and is widely implicated in the drug and natural reward circuitry of the brain

Answer 7

VTA

Question 8

dopamine release is occurring at the time of the reward-anticipating cue.
Over many trials, after the relationship b/t cue and the reward is established and completely expected–> dopamine release will:

Answer 8

cease altogether

Basil Ganglia

Question 9

Cerebellum calibrates ____________

Answer 9

reflexes

Question 10

Some error signals are encoded very early in sensory transmission. _________ receives and amplifies these signals

Answer 10

ION- Inf Olive nuc

Question 11

Error signals get coded early:
Sensors are gated against expected muscle output (muscle spindle)
ION _____ these signals

Answer 11

amplifies

Question 12

alpha fibers project to ____ as well as gama

Answer 12

ION

excessive spindle discharge = an error signal

Question 13

alpha-gamma coactivation: little change in spindle activity (observed=expected)

Answer 13

Glass weight is just as anticipated

Question 14

alpha-gamma coactivation: increase in spindle activation (observed mvmt

Answer 14

Glass is much heavier than anticipated

Question 15

the ION recieves input about expected action and feedback about the observed action. ION discharge occurs when there is a mismatch between these

Answer 15

Comparator hypothesis:

Question 16

Cerebellum: 3 general effects of lesions

Answer 16

Problems with SYNERGY
Problems with EQUILIBRIUM
Problems with TONE

Question 17

Problems with SYNERGY ~ ATAXIA

Answer 17

3 “D”s:
DYSMETRIA
DECOMPOSITION OF MOVEMENT
DYSDIADOCHOKINESIA

Question 18

Cerebellar Lesions: HANDS Tremor mnemonic

Answer 18

Hypotonia
Ataxia/Asynergia—(see the 3 “D”s)
Nystagmus
Dysarthria
Stance and Gait

Tremor (action tremor)

Question 19

Reward causes

Answer 19

A dopa release
enhances synapse between cortico-striatal neurons and their striatal (BG) counterpart

Reinforces reward