Cortical Lesions Flashcards

1
Q

Cortical Disorders Major Category

A

Diffuse

Focal

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2
Q

Cortical Disorders Diffuse

A

e.g. degenerative (Alzheimer’s Disease), metabolic (hypoxia)

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3
Q

Cortical Disorders Focal

A

. vascular (stroke), traumatic (contusion), neoplastic (tumor)

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4
Q

Frontal Lobe Functions

A
Voluntary movement
Language production (left)
Motor prosody (right)
Comportment
Executive function
Motivation
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5
Q

Temporal Lobe Functions

A
Audition
Language comprehension (left)
Sensory prosody (right)
Memory 
Emotion
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6
Q

Parietal Lobe Functions

A
Tactile sensation
Visuospatial function (right)
Attention (right)
Reading (left)
Writing (left)
Calculation (left)
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7
Q

Occipital Lobe Functions

A

Vision
Visual perception
Visual recognition

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8
Q

Frontal lobe lesions produce deficits in motor function (upper motor neuron involvement), language, prosody, and neuropsychiatric disorders (frontal lobe syndromes)

A

In general, neurobehavioral effects are more florid and persistent with bilateral lesions

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9
Q

Frontal Lobe Syndromes

A

Disinhibition – orbitofrontal cortices
Executive dysfunction – dorsolateral prefrontal cortices
Apathy – medial frontal cortices

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10
Q

Considerable evidence implicates damage to the frontal lobes as having an impact on the propensity for: ________

A

violence

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11
Q

This is a disturbance of comportment, the capacity to maintain an appropriate behavioral repertoire in the face of social situations where limbic drives are influential and impulse control is critical

Patients may show irritability, loss of empathy, impulsivity (pathological gambling, excessive spending, etc.), hypersexuality, hyperphagia, and violence

A

Disinhibition- loss of social grace

orbitofrontal cortices

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12
Q

A term that implies frontal lobe damage
One feature of frontal lobe damage is perseveration, an impairment of the capacity to shift responses appropriately
The alternating sequences test can demonstrate perseveration, as in this example from an AD patient

A

Executive Dysfunction- Plan/ coordinate

dorsolateral prefrontal cortices

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13
Q

At the cortical level, motivation is mainly subserved by the medial frontal cortices, including the anterior cingulate gyrus
Clinical syndromes include apathy, abulia, and most severely, akinetic mutism

A

Apathy- you just quit

medial frontal cortices

*Cingulate gyrus may be the center of will

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14
Q

Lesions of the temporal lobe have minor effects on audition, but often major effects on ___________

A

language, prosody, memory, and emotion

In terms of the emotions, the effects of temporal lobe lesions result from irritative lesions of the cortex that cause epilepsy

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15
Q

____________ is usually caused by right hemisphere lesions, with inattention to the left side of space
The lower drawing was done by a man with a recent right parietal infarct

A

Hemineglect

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16
Q

Visual Agnosia

A

Visual agnosia is a failure to recognize objects that are adequately seen
Recognition requires the dorsal and ventral visual association cortices

Examples: object agnosia (left occipitotemporal), prosopagnosia (right occipitotemporal), achromatopsia (bilateral occipitotemporal), and simultanagnosia (bilateral occipitoparietal)

17
Q

In terms of the emotions, the effects of temporal lobe lesions from irritative lesions of the cortex that cause ___________

A

epilepsy

Irritative lesion= hyperactive cortex

18
Q

The right hemisphere has the capacity to attend to both sides of space, whereas the left can only attend to the contralateral space

Right vs Left Lesion?

A

Thus a right parietal lesion will only permit surveillance of the right hemispace

Left hemineglect is more severe and lasting than right hemineglect

19
Q

The aphasia resulting from damage to Wernicke’s area

Fluent, paraphasic speech with impaired auditory comprehension, repetition, and naming

A

Wernicke’s Aphasia- Temporal

20
Q

Cannot hear inflections of speech

Analogous to Wernicke’s aphasia, sensory aprosody is the inability to comprehend the prosody of others

A

Sensory Aprosody

21
Q

Limbic lesions often disturb ____________-

Papez circuit: basic emotions

A

emotional function

22
Q

Common form of epilepsy, related to focal cortical lesions that produce complex partial seizures
Many behavioral phenomena can be associated with these seizures

A

Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (TLE)

23
Q

Considerable evidence exists to show that __________ produces lasting changes in behavior because of ongoing subclinical and clinical electrical activity that rewires temporolimbic circuitry

A

TLE

24
Q

Hemineglect is usually caused by

A

RIGHT hemisphere lesions- prototype parietal lobe syndrome

Bad attention to left side of space

25
Q

Thus a right parietal lesion will only permit surveillance of the right hemispace
Left hemineglect is ________________–

A

more severe and lasting than right hemineglect

26
Q

A right parietal lesion will _______________

Left hemineglect is more severe and lasting than right hemineglect

A

only permit surveillance of the right hemispace

27
Q

Occipital lesions produce visual field deficits: most common are ____________

A

hemianopia and quadrantanopia