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Chemistry > Fuels And Heats Of Reactions > Flashcards

Fuels And Heats Of Reactions Flashcards

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1
Q

Catalyst

A

A substance that alters the rate of a chemical reaction but is not used up at the end of the reaction.

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2
Q

Rate of reaction

A

Change in concentration of a reactant (or product) per unit time.

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3
Q

Isomers

A

Same molecular formula but different structural formulae

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4
Q

Heats of reaction

A

The heat change in KJ when the numbers of moles stated in the balanced equation react.

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5
Q

Heat of combustion

A

Heat change (in KJmole^-1) when one mole of a substance is completely burned in excess oxygen.

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6
Q

Hydrocarbon

A

Made of carbon and hydrogen atoms only.

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7
Q

Heat of formation

A

Heat change (in KJmole^-1) when one mole of a substance is formed from its elements in their standard states[i.e as found in nature].

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8
Q

Octane number

A

A measure of the tendency of a fuel to resist auto ignition (or cause) knocking.

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9
Q

Auto ignition

A

Ignition before the spark is produced.

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10
Q

Homogeneous catalysts

A

Catalyst and reactants are in the same phase.

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11
Q

Oxygenates

A

( Any fuel that contains oxygen in its molecules e.g ethanol/ methanol.)
It increases octane number and decreases the amount of pollution produced.

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12
Q

Aliphatic

A

Consists of chains or carbon atoms

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13
Q

Unsaturated

A

They contain a double carbon to carbon bond

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14
Q

Aromatic

A

Has a benzine ring in its structure

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15
Q

Bond energy

A

The average amount of energy in kJ needed to break one mole of bonds at the Same time

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16
Q

Hess’s law

A

The heat change for a reaction is the same whether it takes place in one step or many steps

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17
Q

Kilogram calorific value

A

The heat produced when 1kg of a fuel is completely burned in excess oxygen

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18
Q

Thermochemistry

A

Study of heat change that accompany chemical reactions

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19
Q

Structural isomer

A

A compound with the same molecular formula but different structural formula

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20
Q

How could one show that ethane undergoes an addition reaction with bromine water

A

Bubble ethene gas through bromine water. Brown to colourless- test for unsaturation

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21
Q

Identify the hydrocarbon gas produced by anaerobic bacterial decomposition of either animal waste or vegetation

A

Methane

22
Q

Four processes required to increase the octane number

A

Dehyldrocyclisation, catalytic cracking, isomerisation and adding oxygenates

23
Q

Major use of kerosene

A

Aviation fuel

24
Q

Major use of residue

A

Taring the road

25
Q

What occurs during the secondary sewage treatment?

A

Oxidation and aeration

26
Q

Name the oil refining process to convert octane into 2,2,4- trimethylpentane

A

Isomerisation

27
Q

Give two structural features of hydrocarbons with high octane numbers

A

Short carbon cycle and cyclic

28
Q

Use of ethene and ethyne

A

Ethene: ripening fruit
Ethyne: welding and cutting

29
Q

Advantages of adding oxygenates, such as ethanol to fuel

A

It increases the octane number/ less pollution to environment

30
Q

Isomerisation

A

The changing to different structures- making it more branched to increase the octane number

31
Q

Give two ways in which hydrogen gas is produced

A

Steam reforming

Electrolysis

32
Q

How to measure heat of combustion

A

Bomb calorimeter

33
Q

Why was lead added to fuel and why was it later discontinued?

A

To increase octane number. It is carcinogenic

34
Q

What is the nature of chemicals that make up the bulk of crude oil?

A

Mostly hydrocarbons

35
Q

Major use of naphtha or light gasoline

A

Petrol

36
Q

Fractionation of crude oil

A

Separations/ splitting components according to size/ by distillation

37
Q

Two major components of liquid petroleum gas

A

Propane and butane/ methylpropane

38
Q

Why is methanethiol added to natural gas and to LPG?

A

Safety/ detect leaks

39
Q

Why is processes a b and c carried out

A

To increase octane rating(value) / reduces knocking/ increase value of products

40
Q

IPUC names for 4 hydrocarbons (Q6 2018)

A

Ethylbenzene/ butane/ but-1-ene/ 2,2,4- trimethlypentane

41
Q

How would you expect the boiling points of petrol and diesel to compare?

A

Diesel has higher boiling point/ petrol has lower

42
Q

Molecular formula of third product

A

C3H6

43
Q

Use of Methanol

A

Production of fertilisers/ ammonia /fuel

44
Q

Why high molecular mass alkanes have high boiling points

A

More electrons/ stronger intermolecular bonds

45
Q

Purpose of dehydrocyclisation

A

Increase octane value / reduces tendency to cause knocking

46
Q

Oil refining process that converts octane into ethylbenzene

A

Dehydrocyclisation/ reforming

47
Q

Oil refining process in which one molecule of alkane w was converted into one molecule of octane and two propane molecules

A

Catalytic cracking

48
Q

Knocking

A

Igniting before spark

49
Q

Why solubility of ethen in water differs from its solubility in cyclohexane

A

Water polar/ cyclohexane non-polar /ethene soluble in cyclohexane but insoluble in water

50
Q

Factors affecting octane number

A

Chain length: shorter is higher
Degree of Branching: more branched is higher
Cyclic structure: cylic is higher than chain

51
Q

Steam reforming equation

A

CH4 +H2O = CO + 3H2

Chemistry (19 decks)

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