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fuck biological molecukes Flashcards

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1
Q

What does Benedict’s test for?

A

Reducing sugars

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2
Q

Outlines the steps in benedicts test [3]

A
  1. Add equal vol of reagent to the sample to be test
  2. heat the mixture in a water bath at 100C for 5 mins
  3. results - colour change from blue to (green, yellow, orange, brick red)
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3
Q

Outline the steps for benedicts test for non reducing sugars [3]

A
  1. Hydrolyse non reducing sugars by adding equal volume of HCl
  2. heat in boiling water bath for 5 mins
  3. neutralise mixture with hydrogen carbonate solution
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4
Q

How can the Benedict’s test be made more quantitive? [2]

A
  • Measure time till first colour change is produced
  • create standard solutions of known concentrations and compare colour change to estimate concs
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5
Q

Outline Biuret test for proteins [2]

A
  1. add drops of the solution to sample and swirl
  2. Pos = purple, Neg, stays blue
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6
Q

Define monomer

A

A single subunit that is used to build larger polymers

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7
Q

Define polymer [2]

A
  • Large molecule made of repeating subunits (monomers)
  • joined by condensation
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8
Q

Define Macromolecule

A

A large biological molecule

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9
Q

Define monosaccharide

A

A single unit of carbohydrate

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10
Q

Define Disaccharide [2]

A
  • 2 units of carbohydrate joined by condensation
  • held by glycosidic bond
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11
Q

Define polysaccharide [3]

A
  • a polymer with monomers of monosaccharides
  • joined together by condensation
  • held by glycosidic bonds
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12
Q

Describe structure of glucose [3]

A
  • Hexagon shape
  • 4 alternating OH and H bonds outside
  • one CH2OH and one O
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13
Q

What is the difference between A and B glucose?

A

OH group for alpha is on the bottom while beta is on the top

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14
Q

What happens in condensation reactions - with reference to glycosidic bonds & the type of bond [4]

A
  • A chemical bond forms between two molecules
  • a molecule of water is produced
  • H is removed from one molecule and OH from another
  • When this happens between carbs, it’s called a glycosidic bond
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15
Q

What is meant by reducing and non reducing sugars? [3]

A

Reducing - able to reduce other sugars to form di or poly saccarides.
due to free free groups which can be condensed. All monosaccharides are reducing sugars
Non reducing - don’t have condensable free group to reduce

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16
Q

Three examples of reducing sugars

A

Glucose
Fructose
Maltose

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17
Q

Example of a non reducing sugar

A

Sucrose

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18
Q

State how sucrose is formed via the formation of a glycosidic bond [3]

A

Alpha glucose and fructose form sucrose
via the omission of h2o (condensation reaction)
forming a glycosidic bond between them

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19
Q

How are glycosidic bonds broken? What is this known as? [2]

A

Water used to break the bonds.
Known as hydrolysis

20
Q

Describe the structure of Amylose [3]

A

1,4 glycosidic bonds
unbranched
helical

21
Q

Describe the structure of amylopectin [2]

A

1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds
branched

22
Q

How do the structures of both Amylose and Amylopectin relate to their function? [2]

A

Large - no diffusion out of cells
Insoluble - No osmotic effect on cells

23
Q

How does the structure of Amylose relate to its function? [2]

A

Amylose has 1,4 glycosidic bonds and is unbranched and helical. These properties make it compact and allow it to store a lot of alpha glucose

24
Q

What do Amylose and amylopectin do

A

Act as a storage polymer of alpha glucose in plants

25
Q

How does the structure of amylopectin relate to it’s function? [2]

A

It has 1,4 and 1,6 bonds, this means it has many branches, which means it has many terminal ends from rapud hydrolysis into glucose

26
Q

Describe the structure of glycogen [4]

A
  • 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds
  • branched = many terminal ends for hydrolysis
  • insoluble
  • compact
27
Q

Describe the function of glycogen

A

Main storage polymer of alpha glucose in animal cells

28
Q

Describe the structure of cellulose [4]

A
  • 1,4 glycosidic bonds
  • straight chain, unbranched molecule
  • alternate glucose molecules are rotated 180*
  • H bond crosslinks between parallel strands form microfibrils (good strength)
29
Q

Describe the function of cellulose

A

Polymer of beta glucose, gives rigidity to plant cell walls and prevents bursting under turgor pressure.

30
Q

What’s the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats? [2]

A
  • Saturated fats have no C=C bonds and are solid at room temp
  • Unsaturated fats have one or more c=c bonds and are liquid at room temp due to weak intermolecular forces
31
Q

Describe the structure of a triglyceride, with reference to how it is formed [2]

A

One molecule of glycerol forms ester bonds with three fatty acids,
these can be saturated or unsaturated - via condensation reactions

32
Q

Relate the structure of triglycerides to their functions [5]

A
  • High energy to mass ratio - energy storage
  • insoluble hydrocarbon chain - no effect on water potential of cells (waterproofing)
  • slow conductor of heat - thermal insulation
  • less dense than water - buoyancy of aquatic animals
  • protects organs - resistant to large amounts of force
33
Q

Describe the structure of phospholipids [4]

A
  • Polar
  • Glycerol backbone attached to
  • 2 hydrophobic fatty acid tails and
  • 1 hydrophilic phosphate head
34
Q

Describe the function of phospholipids [2]

A
  • Forms phospholipid bilayer in water
  • the hydrophobic tails allow for control of movement of water soluble molecules in and out of cells
35
Q

Describe the common structure of an amino acid [4]

A
  • Amide group
  • variable side chain
  • carboxyl group
  • h atom
36
Q

How are peptide bonds formed? [3]

A
  • The OH is lost from the carboxyl group
  • and a H from the Amide group
  • forming a peptide bond
37
Q

Describe a name the process by which peptide bonds are broken [3]

A
  • H2O is split into h+oh
  • OH returns to the carboxyl group, and H returns to amide group
  • hydrolysis reaction
38
Q

What is the primary structure of a protein? [2]

A

A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide
held by peptide bonds

39
Q

What is secondary structure? [4]

A

The regular folding of a polypeptide
into alpha helices
and beta pleated sheets
held by hydrogen bonds

40
Q

What is tertiary structure? [4]

A

The further coiling of a protein into its functional 3D shape
Held by hydrogen, ionic and disulphide bonds
and hydrophobic interactions

41
Q

What is quaternary structure? [3]

A

The folding of 2 or more polypeptides into a 3D shape
which may include prosthetic groups
held by hydrogen, ionic, disulphide bonds and hydrophobic interactions

42
Q

Describe the structure of haemoglobin [5]

A
  • Globular structure
  • 2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains, 4 prosthetic haem groups
  • water soluble (dissolve in plasma)
  • Fe2+ haem group forms coordinate bond with O2
  • tertiary strcuture changes so its easier for O2 molecules to bind
43
Q

State the difference between blobular and fubrous proteins [2]

A
  • Globular proteins are soluble and involved in physiological processes
  • Fibrous proteins are insoluble and have a structural role
44
Q

State the features of a globular protein with reference to haemoglobin [4]

A
  • Spherical and compact
  • hydrophilic R groups face outwards and hydrophobic R groupd face inwards
  • Involved in promarily in physiological roles
  • compact nature means haemoglobin can transport more oxygen per unit of blood
45
Q

Describe the structure of collagen [4]

A
  • Fibrous protein
  • made of 3 polypeptide chains coiled to form a triple helix
  • every third amino acid is glycine
  • collagen molecules lie paralell to form collagen strands, held by staggered cobalent bonds cross bridges between lysine residues
46
Q

How does hydrogen bonding occur in water?

A

The S+ hydrogen on one water molecule is attarcted to the lone pair of the S- oxygen on another water molecule.

47
Q

What are the properties of water due to hydrogen bonding? [6]

A
  • High surface tension
  • Acts as a solvent for water soluble molecules
  • high specific heat capacity
  • high latent heat of vaporisation
  • high boiling point than expected
  • ice less dense than liquid water

AS Level Biology (9 decks)

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