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AS Level Biology > cell structure 2 because i suck > Flashcards

cell structure 2 because i suck Flashcards

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1
Q

In relation to cm give mm, um and nm. [3]

A

10mm, 10000um, 10000000nm

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2
Q

equation for calculating actual size

A

a=i/m

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3
Q

Define magnification

A

The number of times an image is larger than the original

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4
Q

Define resolution

A

The smallest distance between two points where the two points can still be distinguished

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5
Q

What are the two types of microscope? [2]

A

Scanning and Transmission

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6
Q

Describe the structure of the nucleus [4]

A
  • Surrounded by nuclear envelope
  • Nuclear pores allow more molecules movement
  • genetic material is found within, usually as chromatin
  • the nucleolus is a region within that synthethises ribosomes
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7
Q

What are the roles of the nucleus? [3]

A
  • To store the genetic material (DNA) of the cell
  • To synthesise ribosomes
  • Regulate the production of messenger RNA for protein synthesis
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8
Q

What are the functions of the cell surface membrane? [3]

A
  • Encloses the cell to form the boundary between the cytoplasm and the outside environment.
  • The control the movement of substances in and out of the cell, as it’s secretively permeable.
  • Contains proteins and important molecules for cell signalling and recognition.
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9
Q

How does the structure of the RER relate to it’s function? [2]

A
  • Contains ribosomes on it’s surface for synthesis of proteins
  • The RER membranes spread extensively throughout the cell for the transport of proteins
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10
Q

How is the structure of the RER different to the SER?

A

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum does not have ribosomes on it’s surface.

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11
Q

What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Synthesises and transports lipids

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12
Q

Describe the structure of mitochondria [4]

A
  • Oval shaped
  • Double membrane bound, inner membrane folded into cristae
  • contain jelly like fluid called the matrix
  • contain circular DNA and 70s ribosomes
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13
Q

What important process occurs at the mitochondria?

A

Aerobic respiration, which produces ATP. This is used for energy requiring processes

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14
Q

State the function of the golgi body [2]

A
  • Modification and packaging of proteins and lipids for exocytosis or distribution within the cell
  • Produces lysosomes
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15
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

Vesicles from the golgi body that contain digestive enzymes (protease, lipase etc)

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16
Q

List the functions of lysosomes [3]

A
  • Hydrolyse ingested pathogens in phagocytes
  • They digest old, worn out organelles in the cells
  • Break down cells after cell death
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17
Q

What are the two types ribosome [2]

A

70s and 80s ribosomes

18
Q

Where are the two types of ribosomes found? [4]

A
  • 80s ribosomes are found in Eukaryotic cells - in the cytoplasm and on the RER
  • 70s ribosomes are found in prokaryotic cells - chloroplasts and mitochondria
19
Q

Describe the structure of ribosomes [2]

A
  • Contain two subunits
  • Each is made up of a ribosomal RNA molecule and a protein
20
Q

What is the functions of ribosomes?

A

Protein synthesis

21
Q

State the function of centrioles [3]

A
  • formation of the spindle during nuclear division
  • replicate during cell division
  • organise microtubules during mitosis
22
Q

State the functions of microtubules [2]

A
  • Make up the cytoskeleton
  • to give structure and allow transport with the cell
23
Q

What are microvilli?

A

Small protrusions of the cell membrane

24
Q

How do microvilli aid exchange of substances in cells?

A

They increase the surface area of a cell to increase the efficiency of exchange

25
Q

Describe the structure of chloroplasts [5]

A
  • Have a double membrane
  • Contain a fluid called stroma
  • inside, thylakoids are arranged into interconnected stacks of grana
  • Contain 70s ribosomes
  • Circular DNA
26
Q

Name the photosynthetic pigment in chloroplasts

A

Chlorophyll

27
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts?

A

Photosynthesis, producing glucose, oxygen and some ATP

28
Q

Which eukaryotic cells contain a cell wall? [3]

A
  • Plant cells
  • algae cells
  • fungal cells
29
Q

What are plant cell walls made up of?

A

Cellulose

30
Q

Identify the functions of the plant cell wall [3]

A
  • Provides mechanical strength to the plant
  • protects from osmotic lysis
  • regulate movement of water
31
Q

In which type of cell are plasmodesmata found? [2]

A
  • Plant
  • Algae
32
Q

What are the functions of plasmodesmata? [2]

A
  • To allow undisrupted flow of materials via symplastic route
  • Efficient exchange fo substances between cells without having to cross the cell wall and membrane
33
Q

What is the tonoplast

A

membrane surrounding the large permanent vacuole

34
Q

What are the functions of the large permanent vacuole [3]

A
  • Stores cell sap
  • Maintains turgor pressure
  • temporary food storage
35
Q

Which organelles/cell structures are found in plant cells but not animal [5]

A
  • A cell wall
  • Chloroplasts
  • Large permanent vacuole
  • Tonoplast
  • plasmodesmata
36
Q

What kind of cell are bacterial cells?

A

Prokaryotic cells

37
Q

Compare size of Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells

A

P is 1-5um while E is up to 40um

38
Q

Describe the genetic material of Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells

A

P has circular DNA (plasmid rings) while E has Linear chromosomes associated with histones

39
Q

Compare the walls of Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells

A

P has peptidoglycan cell walls while E has one made of cellulose

40
Q

Which cell type has a endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Eukaryotic

41
Q

Key features of viruses [4]

A
  • Acellular structures
  • Contain nucleic acids surrounded by a capsid
  • No organelles or ribosomes (rely on host cell)
  • some may have a phospholipid envelope surrounding the capsid

AS Level Biology (9 decks)

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