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Resp Anatomy > From Notes > Flashcards

From Notes Flashcards

1
Q

Branches of anterior ethmoidal artery

A
  • External nasal
  • Septal branch
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2
Q

Branch of posterior ethmoidal artery

A

Septal branch

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3
Q

Branch of sphenopalatine artery

A

Septal branch

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4
Q

Most commonly ruptured artery in nose bleeds

A

Sphenopalatine

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5
Q

Where does the nasal vein run

A
  • In foramen caecum (behind frontal sinus)
  • Drainage to pterygoid plexus in infratemporal fossa
  • No venous valves
  • Potential route for infection intra-cranially, especially cavernous sinus
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6
Q

Innervation of the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue

A

Taste and general sensation by the CN IX - glossopharyngeal

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7
Q

Innervation of the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue

A
  • Innervation for TASTE by CN VII (facial) via chorda tympani
  • General sensation via lingual (of trigeminal nerve)
  • Motor innervation by CN XII (hypoglossal)
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8
Q

laryngeal mucosa

A
  • Lined with respiratory epithelium
  • Lamina propria loose connective tissue
  • Glands open onto mucosal surface
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9
Q

Epithelium of vocal folds

A
  • Stratified squamous non-keratinised
  • Lamina propria = dense and elastic
  • No glands
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10
Q

Squamous metaplasia

A
  • Phenomenon that occurs @ junction between squamous and non-squamous
  • Hot-spot for cancer development
  • With smoking, respiratory epithelium is replaced by squamous epithelium becuase it’s resistant to abrasion
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11
Q

Laryngeal innervation

A
  • Superior laryngeal nerve (inferior ganglion of VAGUS - CN X)
  • Travels in carotid sheath, behind, carotid artery
  • Exits sheath and divides into:
  1. INTERNAL LARYNGEAL - general sensation to epiglottis and supraglottic region
  2. EXTERNAL LARYNGEAL - motor to cricothyroid
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12
Q

Where does the recurrent laryngeal ascend

A

In the groove between the trachea and oesophagus

Pierces the inferior constrictor to enter posterior of larynx

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13
Q

Difference in innervation of recurrent laryngeal nerve

A
  • MOTOR to intrinsic muscles of larynx except cricothyroid
  • SOMATIC SENSORY to infraglottic region
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14
Q

Vasculature of larynx

A
  • External carotid -> superior thyroid -> superior laryngeal

Supplies structures in supraglottic region

  • Thyrocervical trunk -> inferior thyroid -> inferior laryngeal

Supplies structures in infraglottic region

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15
Q

Vertebral level of beginning and end of trachea

A
  • Starts at C6
  • Ends at T4/T5
  • 10 - 11 cm long
  • 15 - 20 C shaped cartilage rings
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16
Q

Boundaries of triangle of auscultation

A
  • SUPERIOR - inferolateral trapezius
  • FLOOR - serratus anterior
  • INFERIOR - superior border of latissimus dorsi
  • LATERAL - medial border of scapula
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17
Q

Transverse thoracic plane

A

Sternal angle

T4-T5 IV disc

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18
Q

Xiphisternal plane

A

Xiphoid process

Lower border of T9

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19
Q

Superior vs inferior aperture of thorax

A
  • Superior aperture is open and continuous with the neck
  • Inferior aperture is closed by the diaphragm
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20
Q

Histology of pleura

A

Squamous mesothelial cells

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21
Q

histology of visceral pleura

A

Low cuboid mesothelial cells

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22
Q

Histology of parietal pleura

A

Squamous mesothelial cells

Secretes pleural fluid

(capillary transudate - 0.25 ml/kg)

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23
Q

Transudative

A

Caused by systemic factors

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24
Q

Exudative

A

Caused by local factors (e.g. inflammation)

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25
Q

Highest point of lung - associated with cervical pleura

A

Cupola

2-3 cm above medial 1/3 of clavicle

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26
Q

Action of external ICs

A

Elevate ribs

Aponeurotic anteriorly

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27
Q

Internal ICs

A

Depress ribs (expiration)

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28
Q

Subcostal muscles

A
  • Internal posterior wall of thorax
  • Lower 6 ribs
  • Span 2-3 ribs
  • Partially aponeurotic
  • Depress lower ribs - forced expiration
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29
Q

Transversus thoracis muscle

A
  • ORIGIN lower 1/3 sternal body, xiphoid process, costal cartilages
  • INSERTION costochondral junctions ribs 3-6
  • ACTION depress CCs to which they are attached
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30
Q

What passes through the oesophageal hiatus

A

Vagus

R phrenic nerve

31
Q

What passes through the aortic hiatus

A

Thoracic duct

Greater splanchnic nerve

Azygos nerve

32
Q

Contents of sternocostal triangle/triangle of morgagni

A

Superior epigastric artery

Lymphatics

33
Q

Relation of medial arcuate ligament

A

Sympathetic trunk

34
Q

Relations of left crus

A

Greater and lesser splanchnic nerves

Hemiazygos vein

35
Q

Relations of right crus

A

Greater and lesser splanchnic nerves

36
Q

Blood supply of superior surface of the diaphragm

A

Internal thoracic

  • Pericardiacophrenic
  • Musculophrenic

Superior phrenic

IC

37
Q

Blood supply of inferior surface of the diaphragm

A

Inferior phrenic

38
Q

Venous drainage of diaphragm on thoracic surface

A
  • Brachiocephalic
  • Azygos
39
Q

Venous drainage of diaphragm on abdominal surface

A
  • Inferior vena cava
  • Renal
40
Q

Lymph drainage of diaphragm

A

ANTERIOR

  • Sternal & mediastinal

MIDDLE

  • Sternal & mediastinal

POSTERIOR

  • Mediastinal
41
Q

What does the extensive capillary network of the lungs facilitate

A
  • Filtering of small clots and gas bubbles
  • Presence of ACE (conversion of Ang I -> Ang II)
42
Q

Bifurcation of trachea

A

T4/T5 // T5-T7

43
Q

Blood supply of trachea

A

Inferior thyroid arteries

44
Q

What is the trachea partially covered by

A

Sternothyroid and sternohyoif muscle

45
Q

What are the 2nd-4th cartilages covered by

A

Thyroid isthmus

46
Q

Main bronchi ->

A

Lobar bronchi -> segmental bronchi

47
Q

Most inferior limit of the lung in normal respiration

A

Rib 8

48
Q

Relations of right lung

A
  1. SVC and IVC
  2. Right subclavian artery and vein
  3. Rib 1
  4. Oesophagus
  5. Azygos vein
  6. Heart - mostly RA
49
Q

Relations of left lung

A
  1. Rib 1
  2. Left subclavian artery
  3. Left brachiocephalic vein
  4. Arch of aorta
  5. Oesophagus
  6. Descending thoracic aorta
50
Q

What nerves arc around lung root

A
  • Anterior phrenic nerve
  • Posterior vagus nerve (CN X) - PS to and sensory from viscera as far as splenic flexure of colon
51
Q

Where do the left bronchial arteries originate from

A

2

Superior and inferior originate directly from aorta

52
Q

Where do the right bronchial arteries originate from

A

3rd IC artery (frequently originates from left superior bronchial a.)

53
Q

Innervation of bronchoconstriction

A

Vagus

54
Q

What runs in the connective tissue between bronchopulmonary segments

A

Branches of pulmonary vein collecting oxygenated blood

55
Q

Where does gas exchange take place

A

At respiratory bronchioles and alveoli

56
Q

Respiratory epithelium

A

Pseudostratified columnar ciliated with goblet cells

Mucociliary escalator

57
Q

Submucosa contents

A
  • Hyaline cartilage
  • Smooth muscle
  • Glands
58
Q

Primary ciliary dyskinesia/Kartageners Syndrome

A
  • Immotile or poorly functioning cilia
  • Non-functioning mucociliary escalator
  • Chronic sinusitis, bronchitis, bronchiectasis
  • Male infertility
  • 50% - situs inversus
59
Q

Lung secondary lobule

A
  • Each acinus has between 1500 and 4000 alveoli
  • Bounded by interstitial fibrous septa
  • Thicker and most numerous at lung periphery
  • Location of distal PV and lymphatics
60
Q

What are alveoli fed by

A
  • Respiratory bronchioles
  • Alveolar ducts
  • Enveloped by capillaries and some CT (elastic fibres)
61
Q

Anatomic site of asthma

A

Respiratory bronchioles

  • Hyper contractility of airway smooth muscle results in bronchial hyperresponsiveness, inflammation, terminal airway obstruction
62
Q

Pores of Kohn

A

Pores interconnecting alveoli

63
Q

Blood air interface from outside (air) in (IS)

A
  1. Surfactant
  2. Type I pneumocyte
  3. FUsed basement membranes of type I pneumocyte and capillary endothelial cells
  4. Capillary endothelial cell
64
Q

Emphysema

A

Scarring of alveolar IS

  • Loss of elasticity and compliance
  • Alveolar thickening and reduced gas exchange
  • Increase in ‘deadspace’
  • Bronchiolar thickening, alveolar destruction
  • Use of accessory muscles
  • COPD
65
Q

Bronchioles and lung

A
66
Q

Needle thoracostomy

A
67
Q

Safe triangle

A
68
Q

Thoracocentesis

A
69
Q

What is a cricotomy used for

A

Emergency, for supraglottic obstruction

70
Q

Embryonic (3-8 weeks)

A

Formation of early airway branches (segmental bronchii)

71
Q

Pseudoglandular (5-18 weeks)

A

formation of bronchioles

72
Q

Canalicular (16-26 weeks)

A

Formation of respiratory bronchioles

73
Q

Saccular (24-36 weeks)

A

Formation of alveolar ducts

74
Q

Alveolar (36 weeks-8 yrs)

A

Formation and expansion of alveoli

Resp Anatomy (10 decks)

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