FROL Flashcards
What is the form of radio waves?
They are electromagnetic radiation and travel through air and space in waves of energy at the speed of light.
What are the qualifications required for a FROL?
- At least 16
- Has passed the flight radio theory exam
- Has passed flight radio practical test
What does the oscillator do?
Generates a frequency in the form of a carrier wave
What does the modulator do?
Adds intelligence to the carrier wave.
What are the different ways that radio waves interact with the medium they are traveling through?
They mays be: Reflected Refracted (bent) Attenuated (weakened) Absorbed Diffracted (divided)
What does the antenna do?
Carries out the signal to space
What does a FROL enable a person to do?
- Operate the radio installed on aircraft.
2. Operate a radio communication system used in connection with aircraft.
What is the main factor in the degree to which the radio waves are affected through mediums?
Primarily dependent on their frequency.
What does Hertz stand for?
The number of cycles produced in one second.
What is the range that the human ear responds to?
20 Hz - 20 KHz
What are sky waves?
Waves that are refracted back to earth by the ionosphere.
What are ground waves and what frequency utilizes them?
They travel directly from the transmitter to the receiver by line of sight.
What is skip distance?
The distance between the transmitting antenna and the point at which the transmitted wave first reaches the earths surface.
What is the frequency that is required to have the band refract off the ionosphere?
In the HF band.
What frequency band does the VHF band operate?
30-300MHz- Based on principles of Line of Sight
VHF is effective to what coverage below 5000ft and from 5000-10000ft?
60nm for below 5000ft and 90nm for between 5000-10000.
What frequencies are used by VHF for short range communication? Radio navigation aids?
118.0-135.95MHz- VHF
VOR and ILD 108.0-117.95MHz
What range does the Australian NDB (Non-directional beacon) operate?
200-486KHz
What causes Ground Waves to travel further?
Ground waves are able to travel further over water than they are over ground.
Does a high or low frequency band travel further?
Low frequency.
What is the difference between the ionosphere during the day and night? How does this affect the distance traveled by the same frequency between the two different times?
The ionosphere is higher during the night causing refracted radio waves to travel further. The same frequency band with travel further at night than it does during the day.
What is attenuation?
The gradual loss in intensity of the radio wave through a medium.
How does attenuation affect ground waves going from land to sea?
Because the surface wave is retarded more over land than over the sea, ground waves change their direction as they pass from land to sea.
How does power affect range?
The more power the more range the radio wave will have.
What is fading?
Received transmission alternately weakening and strengthening as the signals go in and out of phase.
What band is static interference most likely to affect?
Greater at lower frequencies. Affect is negligible for VHF and above.
What are space/direct waves?
waves which travel directly from the transmitter to the receiver.
What frequencies almost entirely utilises Space waves?
VHF communication and navigation receivers.
“Acknowledge”
Let me know that you have received and understood the message.
“Affirm”
Yes
“Approved”
Permission for proposed action granted.
“Break”
I hereby indicate the separation between portions of the message (to be used where there is no clear distinction between the text and other portions of the message).
“Break break”
I hereby indicate separation between messages transmitted to different aircraft in a very busy environment.
“Cancel”
Annul the previously transmitted clearance.
“Check”
Examine a system or procedure (no answer is normally expected)
“Cleared”
Authorised to proceed under the conditions specified.
“Confirm”
Have you correctly received the following…? or Did you correctly receive this message?
“Contact”
Establish radio contact with…
“Correct”
That is correct.
“Correction”
An error has been made in this transmission (or message indicated) the correct version is…
“Disregard”
Consider that transmissions as not sent.
“Go ahead”
Proceed with your message.
“How do you read”
What is the readability of my message? The readability scale is: 1. Unreadable. 2. Readable now and then. 3. Readable but with difficulty. 4. Readable. 5. Perfectly Readable.
“I say again”
I repeat for clarity or emphasis.
“Monitor”
Listen out of (frequency).
“Negative”
‘No’ or ‘permission is not granted’ or ‘That is not correct’.
“Over”
My transmission is ended and I expect a response from you (not normally used in VHF communication).
“Out”
My transmission is ended and I expect no response from you (not normally used in VHF communication).
“Read back”
Repeat all, or the specified part, of this message back to me exactly as received.
“Recleared”
A change has been made to your last clearance and this is new clearance supersedes your precious clearance or part thereof.
“Report”
Pass me the following information.
“Request”
I should like to know or I wish to obtain.
“Roger”
I have received all of your last transmission (under NO circumstances to be used in reply to a questions requiring READ BACK or a direct answer in the affirmative or negative).
“Say again”
Repeat all or the following part of your last transmission.
“Speak slower”
Reduce your rate of speech.
“Standby”
Wait and I will call you.
“Verify”
Check and confirm with originator.
“Wilco”
I understand your message and will comply with it.
“Words twice”
As a request: communication is difficult. Please send every word or group of words twice.
As information: since communication is difficult every word or group of words in this message ill be sent twice.
The PIC of an aircraft that is part of the traffic at a controlled aerodrome must:
- Maintain a lookout for other aerodrome traffic to avoid collision
- Maintain a continuous watch on the radio frequency for the aerodrome control service.
- Obtain clearance by radio, or visual signals, prior to carrying out any taxiing, landing or take-off manoeuvre.
What circumstances require a read back?
- An ATC route clearance and any amendments.
- En route holding instructions.
- Any holding point specified in a taxi clearance.
- Any clearance or instructions to hold short of, enter, land on, take-off on, or backtrack on any runway.
- Any LAHSO (Land and hold short operations) requirements.
- Assigned runway, QNH, SSR codes, frequency instructions( radio and nav aid).
- Level instructions, direction of turn, heading and speed instructions.
- Condition clearances.
What are the West and East frequencies for Moorabin and ATIS?
West: 123.0
East: 118.1
ATIS: 120.9
What is CTAF?
A designated frequency on which pilots make positional broadcasts when operating in the vicinity of a non-towered aerodrome.
What is a Multicom?
The frequency (126.7MHz) used for broadcasts while operating to or from a non-towered aerodrome that does not have a discrete CTAF assigned.
What are the locations when an aircraft must transmit on the CTAF?
- Prior to 10nm inbound.
- Before joining the circuit.
- On final approach.
- When flying through the vicinity of the aerodrome.
- Immediately before taxi.
- Before entering the runway.
- Departing the circuit.
What is AFRU and what does it do?
Aerodrome Frequency Response Unit.
Assists pilots’ awareness of inadvertent selection of an incorrect VHF frequency when operating into non-towered aerodrome. Automatic response when pilots transmit on the CTAF for the aerodrome at which it is installed.
What should the transponder be set to in Moorabin airspace? Outside controlled airspace?
3000 for Moorabin.
1200 for outside controlled airspace.
What are the clearance distances for Class C & E airspace?
1,000ft Above and Below
1,500m Horizontally
5,000m Visibility below 10,000ft.
8km Visibility Above 10,000ft
What are the clearance distances for Class D airspace?
500ft Above 1,000ft Below 600m Horizontally 5,000m Visibility Special VFR greater or equal to 1,600m
What are the clearance distances for Class G airspace?
Below 3,000ft: Clear of Cloud 1,000ft AGL 5,000m Visibility 3,000ft-10,000ft: 1,000ft Above and below 1,500m Horizontally 5,000m Visibility Above 10,000ft: Same as previous but visibility must be 8km.
