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ethics > free will > Flashcards

free will Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 approaches to (models of) free will?

A

Libertarianism, hard determinism + compatiblism (soft determinism)

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2
Q

Which of the 3 approaches view people morally responsible for moral actions?

A

Libertarianism

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3
Q

Which 2 approaches view it appropriate to be rewarded and punished for moral behaviour?

A

Libertarianism + compatibilism

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4
Q

How does Libertarianism view humans?

A

Free moral agents
Our bodies are subject to eternal laws, but not minds (like dualism)

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5
Q

What laws do libertarians believe our bodies subject to/determined by? But how are we free?

A

Determined by gravity, laws, different bodies (disease, weight)
Morally free

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6
Q

What sort of limitations do libertarianisms say we have?

A

Physical limitations
Psychological limitations
Social limitations

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7
Q

What is the paralysis of complete freedom in libertarianism?

A

Complete freedom would be like being in a featureless landscape. Actual freedom requires limitations to make sense, so you have choices
E.g. you’re free to choose what’s on the menu, but you need the menu

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8
Q

What does Satre say about freedom (in libertarianism)?

A

Freedom gives ur life meaning; choosing is central to existence - ur defined by choices

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9
Q

What are the 3 types of hard determinism?

A

Psychological determinism, theological determinism + scientific determinism

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10
Q

What does hard determinism believe?

A

All our actions have been caused by a prior event

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11
Q

What is the view of hard determinism in terms of understanding the world?

A

Materialist view; understands the physical world to be the only reality that operates like a machine

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12
Q

What is scientific determinism?

A

All events, incl. human actions are determined by previous events, so there’s no freedom of will

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13
Q

What about scientific determinism tells us that we have no free will?

A

Everything can be analysed w science: physiology, psychology, sociology, anthropology

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14
Q

When can scientific determinism be avoided?

A

If the quantum world is undefined
If it can be shown that there are entities that aren’t completely governed by laws of nature

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15
Q

What scholar goes w psychological determinism?

A

Skinner

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16
Q

What does Skinner call psychological determinism?

A

Psychological behaviourism

17
Q

What is Skinner’s psychological behaviourism?

A

All behaviour is a product of genetic + environmental conditions
All human action depends on prev. actions

18
Q

What does Skinner say about actions in psychological determinism?

A

Good actions have good conseq. so the brain repeats it

19
Q

What experiment did Ivan Pavlov do? What idea did this culminate?

A

Pavlov’s Dogs
Classical conditioning

20
Q

What was the Pavlov’s Dogs experiment?

A

Every time scientist fed dog, sci. rang bell - dog realised bell=food
When the dog heard the bell, it would salivate

21
Q

What does Skinner say about conditioning?

A

We can condition humans in the same way we do w children
Reward good + punish bad behaviour

22
Q

What is theological determinism?

A

Human salvation is predetermined by God + not by our own actions

23
Q

Why is human salvation determined?

A

Bc God is omniscient, he knows if you’ll go to heaven/hell
Future events are predestined

24
Q

What does it mean if hard determinism is correct?

A

Reward + punishment would be meaningless bc ppl are predetermined to do what they do

25
Q

What did Calvin say?

A

Some are ordained to glory, some are ordained to torment

26
Q

What is compatibilism?

A

We are shaped by external factors, but have free will

27
Q

What did Thomas Hobbs argue?

A

All actions are caused

28
Q

What did A.J. Ayer differentiate between in compatibilism? Give an example?

A

Caused acts + forced acts
A kleptomaniac can resolve not to steal as much, but are compelled to steal bc they have a condition

29
Q

What did Hume differentiate w in compatibalism?

A

Internal + external causes

30
Q

What did Hume say internal causes are?

A

Originate from within a person in acc w desire

31
Q

What did Hume say external causes are?

A

Those that originate from outside the person + constrain behaviour

32
Q

What did Hume say liberty of indifference is?

A

Free from all causal necessity; which he saw as a delusion

33
Q

What did Hume say liberty of spontaneity is?

A

Acting upon options
Universe sets up options + we pick

ethics (12 decks)

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