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ethics > conscience > Flashcards

conscience Flashcards

1
Q

What does conscience do?

A

Helps the moral agent decide what to do or not to do
Compels/demands a particular action

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2
Q

What are the secular scholars for conscience (4)?

A

Kholberg, Freud, Durkheim, Fromm

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3
Q

What are the religious scholars for conscience (4)?

A

Schleimacher, Aquinas, Butler, Fletcher

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4
Q

Is Kholberg secular or non secular?

A

Secular

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5
Q

What did Kholberg believe conscience is?

A

Developed through social interaction

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6
Q

What are the levels of moral development Kholberg outlines?

A

Pre-conventional, Conventional, Post-conventional

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7
Q

What is the pre conventional level Kholberg outlines?

A

Punishment + obedience; infant - rewarded/punished for actions

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8
Q

What is the conventional level Kholberg outlines?

A

Needing to please - development of interpersonal relationships

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9
Q

What is the post conventional level Kholberg outlines?

A

Understanding ppl, selflessness, fuller awareness of doing good things just bc they’re right (not everyone gets here)

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10
Q

What does Freud think conscience is? Give one word

A

Guilt

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11
Q

What were the 3 elements Freud distinguished in his mind?

A

Id, ego + superego

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12
Q

What does Freud say the id is?

A

Unconscious desire for basic physical + emotional needs; eros + thantos (aggression)

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13
Q

What does Freud say the ego is?

A

Rational self

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14
Q

What does Freud say the super ego?

A

Controlling ‘inner parent’
The place where your parents commands can be stored
Makes you feel guilty for doing smth you were taught is wrong (eating cake)

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15
Q

What does Freud mean we know we have a conscience when?

A

We know we have a conscience when we feel guilt after doing/not doing smth we’ve been raised to believe/do

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16
Q

What does the superego do?

A

Monitor the ego

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17
Q

What does Freud say happens when the superego can’t control the id?

A

Neurosis (depression, anxiety etc)

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18
Q

What does Freud say about the idea of God playing a role in conscience?

A

If God plays a part in the conscience, its only as another control mech alongside parental control
The idea of God for theists, is likely to give a guilt-trip to those who break God’s rules

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19
Q

What was Durkheim?

A

Sociologist

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20
Q

What does Durkheim believe about conscience depends on?

A

Conscience is diff depending on where, how, when etc they were raised

21
Q

What did Durkheim believe conscience is?

A

Social conditioning

22
Q

How did Durkheim see God?

A

Projection of society’s powers + tool in reinforcing social demands made by the conscience

23
Q

What did Durkheim develop the idea of?

A

Collective conscience
Idea is bad bc it opposes views of society + common conscience

24
Q

What did Durkheim say about conscience as a survival aspect?

A

Conscience makes a group stronger
Developed through ppl sticking to same moral rules

25
Q

What did Fromm say conscience is?

A

Authoritarian + humanistic conscience

26
Q

What did Fromm say about conscience?

A

Guilt, shame, conscience + moral responsibility comes from fear of being rej. by society

27
Q

What’s Fromm’s authoritarian conscience?

A

Reps internalised voice of a disapproving society that we’re afraid to disobey

28
Q

What’s Fromm’s humanistic conscience?

A

Asp. of conscience that has an intuitive knowledge of what’s human + inhuman

29
Q

What does Fromm say rejection of authoritarian conscience + embracing humanistic conscience would do?

A

Free ourselves from the fear if unjust authority + realise our full potential as ppl

30
Q

What does Augustine say conscience is?

A

Put into our minds by God; it’s innate knowledge of moral laws

31
Q

What does Schleimacher say conscience is?

A

A source of direct rev. from God - going against it is a sin

32
Q

What problem does Schliermachers idea that conscience is the voice of God pose?

A

Amount of evil in the world; suggests God chooses ppl to speak to + tells them to commit evil

33
Q

What issue does Schleirmachers idea of conscience as the voice of God pose in terms of Church?

A

Christians sometimes oppose moral principles of Church + disagree
How does everyone have a diff answer?

34
Q

What does Aquinas think about conscience?

A

God given faculty of reason

35
Q

Want does Aquinas use to enforce conscience being God given faculty of reason?

A

Synderesis rule: do good, avoid evil
This is God given

36
Q

What did Aquinas view conscience as?

A

Its not a source of moral knowledge, but it’s a guide

37
Q

What does Aquinsa say we may be wrong in?

A

Applying conscience bc it can move us in the wrong direction/mislead us

38
Q

What does Aquinas spec. refer to conscience as?

A

“Application of knowledge to activity”

39
Q

What does Aquinas say we apply?

A

Apply primary precepts

40
Q

When does Aquinas say humans do wrong?

A

When conscience (not synderesis) makes a mistake

41
Q

What are 2 types of ignorance acc to Aquinas?

A

Invincible + vincible

42
Q

What is invincible ignorance (Aquinas)?

A

Can’t be overcome by using one’s reason

43
Q

What is vincible ignorance (Aquinas)?

A

Can be overcome by using ones reason

44
Q

What is an example of Aquinas’ invincible ignorance?

A

Student gen. thinks there is no homework but they were wrong

45
Q

What is an example of Aquinas’ vincible ignorance?

A

Student didn’t do homework bc they missed a lesson + didn’t ask for catch up work

46
Q

Where does Aquinas say we make mistakes?

A

Make mistakes in applying knowledge even though we infallibly know what’s right/wrong

47
Q

What does Butler believe about conscience?

A

It’s God given faculty; intuitive, reflective + autonomous

48
Q

What does Butler believe conscience is?

A

A ‘reflective principle’ placed within us by God

49
Q

How does Fletcher view conscience?

A

Conscience is a verb, not a noun
It’s what humans do when they use agape to decide how love is affirmed

ethics (12 decks)

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