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FP-C study > FP-C #6 > Flashcards

FP-C #6 Flashcards

1
Q

Mean airway pressure (MAP)

A

amount of positive pressure in the airway averaged over the inspiratory and expiratory cycles

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2
Q

Vital capacity (Vc)

A

the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation

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3
Q

I:E Ratio

A

ratio of the inspiratory phase time to the expiratory phase time

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4
Q

Ataxic respiration

A

varying depth and rate of breathing followed by periods of apnea, irregular

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5
Q

Vesicular breath sounds

A

soft , low-pitched sounds heard over peripheral lung tissue

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6
Q

Perfusion

A

blood must flow to the pulmonary vasculature to transport blood to the system

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7
Q

Obstructive diesases

A

diseases that result in difficulty moving air out of the lungs and involve an increased airway resistance

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8
Q

Hyperpnea

A

energetic (deep and rapid) respiration that occurs normally after exercise or abnormally with fever or various disorders

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9
Q

LEMON mnemonic purpose

A

a tool to use to assess for a difficult airway

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10
Q

Peak inspiratory pressure (PIP)

A

the highest circuit pressure generated during an inspiratory cycle

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11
Q

Time-cycled ventilator

A

type of positive pressure ventilator in which the ventilator ends inspiration after a selected inspiratory time has been achieved

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12
Q

Functional residual capacity (FRC)

A

volume of air remaining in the lungs following exhalation of the tidal volume (ERV + RV)

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13
Q

Cheyne-Stokes respirations

A

abnormal pattern of breathing characterized by progressively deeper and sometimes faster breathing followed by a gradual decrease that results in a temporary apnea

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14
Q

Apneustic breathing

A

deep, gasping inspiration, then pause, then an insufficient expiration - usually seen with brain stem lesions

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15
Q

Central neurogenic hyperventilation

A

sustained regular, rapid and deep breathing from brainstem lesion between lower midbrain and upper pons

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16
Q

Shunt

A

perfusion without ventilation

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17
Q

Mechanical ventilation

A

the application of a device that provides varying degrees of ventilatory support

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18
Q

Respiratory insufficiency

A

inability of the respiratory system to meet its oxygen needs and remove excess amounts of CO2

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19
Q

Pleural friction rub

A

low pitched, dry, grating sound heard during inspiration and expiration indicating pleuritis

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20
Q

Invasive ventilation

A

application of mechanical ventilation via an endotracheal tube or tracheostomy tube

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21
Q

Crackles

A

fluid in the bronchioles and alveoli heard as snapping or bubbling on inspiration

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22
Q

Respiratory depression

A

general condition caused by either a decrease in the rate or depth of respiration or both

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23
Q

Stridor

A

high-pitched, crowing sound that occurs with an obstruction in the upper airway

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24
Q

Ventilation

A

The airflow in and out of the lungs

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25
Q

PO2 in the alveolus

A

100 mmHg

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26
Q

Anatomic dead space (Vd)

A

volume of air in the conducting passages - doesn’t participate in gas exchange)

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27
Q

Restrictive diseases

A

result in difficulty moving air into the lungs and occurs due to loss of chest or lung compliance

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28
Q

Obstructive diseases

A

diseases in which the flow resistance of the airway is increased

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29
Q

Rhonchi

A

lower-pitched sounds caused by secretions in larger airways

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30
Q

Indications: mechanical ventilation

A

apnea - improving distribution of inhaled gases - ventilatory or respiratory failure

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31
Q

Auto- peep

A

unintentional air trapping which occurs when inspiration begins before the previous breath’s expiration has ended

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32
Q

Barotrauma

A

injury to the chest or lungs as a result of increased intrathoracic pressure

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33
Q

Tachypnea

A

an abnormally rapid rate of respiration

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34
Q

Residual volume (RV)

A

the amount of air that remains in the lungs after a person exhales as forcefully as he or she can

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35
Q

PO2 in the capillary

A

40 mmHg

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36
Q

PCO2 in the capillary

A

45 mmHg

37
Q

Bradypnea

A

slow respiratory rate, usually below 10 respirations per minute

38
Q

Inspiratory capacity (IC)

A

maximum amount of air that can be inspired after a normal expiration (IRV + TV)

39
Q

Noninvasive ventilation

A

technique uses positive pressure to keep alveoli open and improve gas exchange without airway intubation

40
Q

Wheezes

A

continuous high-pitched whistling sounds produced during breathing

41
Q

Distribution

A

The delivery of air to the areas of the lung that can participate in gas exchange

42
Q

Fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2)

A

concentration of oxygen - the portion of oxygen in relation to total inspired gas

43
Q

Eupnea

A

normal relaxed breathing

44
Q

Cluster breathing

A

a short series of irregular respirations followed by periods of apnea at irregular intervals

45
Q

Positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP)

A

the amount of pressure above atmospheric pressure present in the airway at the end of the expiratory cycle

46
Q

Seldinger technique

A

a method for introducing a catheter into a hollow lumen structure or body cavity through the use of a guide wire

47
Q

Arterial blood gas

A

measures the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the arterial blood

48
Q

V/Q ratio

A

relationship between alveolar ventilation and alveolar capillary perfusion (normal value is 0.8)

49
Q

Alveolar ventilation (Va)

A

amount of air reaching the alveolar-capillary membrane each minute [respiratory rate x (tidal volume - anatomic dead space)]

50
Q

Sensitivity (concerning ventilators)

A

ventilator control that regulates the amount of negative pressure required by the patient to ‘trigger’ a delivered breath

51
Q

Total lung capacity (TLC)

A

the maximal volume of air that the lungs can contain (VC + RV)

52
Q

Bronchovesicular sounds

A

loud , high pitched hollow sounds normally heard over the trachea and the large bronchi

53
Q

Restrictive diseases

A

pathologies characterized by decreased compliance of lung tissue

54
Q

Adventitious breath sounds

A

abnormal breath sounds (such as wheezes, rhonchi, and rales)

55
Q

Hypopnea

A

shallow breathing

56
Q

Capnography

A

a recording or display of the measurement of exhaled carbon dioxide concentrations

57
Q

Transillumination

A

use of light across a tube to view the thin tissue that covers the trachea

58
Q

Flow cycled ventilator

A

positive pressure ventilator that ends inspiration when a predetermined flow rate is achieved

59
Q

PCO2 in the alveolus

A

40 mmHg

60
Q

BiPAP

A

mechanical delivery of set positive inspiratory pressure each time the patient begins to inspire (as the patient begins to exhale, the machine delivers a lower set end-expiratory pressure)

61
Q

Mode (concerning ventilators)

A

the particular way in which a mechanical ventilation is delivered

62
Q

Flow rate

A

the speed at which tidal volume is delivered

63
Q

Respiratory failure

A

The reduction of breathing to the point where oxygen intake is not sufficient to support life

64
Q

SpO2

A

the non-invasive method of pulse oximetry

65
Q

Ventilation-perfusion mismatch

A

occurs in conditions during which either the flow of oxygen is limited in the alveoli or the circulation through the pulmonary capillary is compromised

66
Q

Minute volume

A

The volume of air moved through the lungs in 1 minute (calculated by multiplying tidal volume and respiratory rate)

67
Q

Kussmaul’s respiration

A

respirations are abnormally deep, regular, and increased in rate WITHOUT periods of apnea

68
Q

Complications: mechanical ventilation

A

barotrauma, low cardiac output, ventilator assisted pneumonia, oxygen toxicity

69
Q

Retrograde intubation

A

method of intubating using a guide wire through the cricothyroid membrane and placing an ETT over the guide wire

70
Q

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

A

amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation

71
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

A

amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation

72
Q

Biot’s respirations

A

varying depth and rate of breathing followed by periods of apnea, irregular

73
Q

Apnea

A

absence of spontaneous respiration

74
Q

Mallampati classification

A

correlates the degree of visibility of the oral structures with the degree of difficulty of rigid laryngoscopy (4 classes)

75
Q

Pressure cycled ventilator

A

delivers a flow of air to the lungs during inspiration until a preset pressure is reached

76
Q

Negative-pressure ventilator

A

an approach to ventilation in which negative pressure is intermittently applied to the chest surface in an effort to cause inflation of the lungs

77
Q

3-3-2 rule

A

evaluates airway for intubation: Less than 3 fingers between teeth, 3 fingers between mentum and hyoid, or 2 fingers between thyroid notch and hyoid indicates a difficult airway

78
Q

LEMON stands for what?

A

(L) look externally

79
Q

Agonal respirations

A

slow, shallow, irregular respirations or occasional gasping breaths - sometimes seen in dying patients.

80
Q

Esophageal detection device

A

a bulb or syringe that is attached to the proximal end of an ETT used to confirm proper placement

81
Q

Tracheal breath sounds

A

loud and high-pitched breath sounds with equal length of inspiration and expiration located near the suprasternal notch

82
Q

Capnometry

A

the use of a capnometer, a device that measures the amount of expired carbon dixoide

83
Q

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

A

improves oxygenation to splint open alveoli which increases FRC where the patient is allowed to breathe spontaneously while constantly maintaining a base pressure above atmospheric pressure

84
Q

Tidal volume (TV)

A

amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs with each respiratory cycle

85
Q

Face-to-face intubation

A

performing an intubation on a patient where you are eye-to-eye and nose-to-nose

86
Q

Respiratory diffusion

A

the actual process of gas exchange

87
Q

I time

A

the time interval for delivery of a tidal volume

88
Q

Positive-pressure ventilator

A

uses pressures above atmospheric pressure to push air into lungs (requires use of an artificial airway

FP-C study (9 decks)

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