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Biology4351 > Four Antimicrobials, Anesthetics > Flashcards

Four Antimicrobials, Anesthetics Flashcards

1
Q

Two classifications of antimicrobials that vary depending on microbe in question

A

Bactericidals

Bacteriostatics

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2
Q

Bactericidals do what?

A

Kill microbes

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3
Q

Bacteriostatics do what?

A

Prevent microbial replication

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4
Q

Antimicrobials can produce what disease?

A

Bacteria associated colitis

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5
Q

Bacteria associated colitis is commonly from what microbe?

A

Clostridium difficile

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6
Q

Immunocompromised patients generally do better with what class of antibiotic?

A

Bactericidals

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7
Q

MRSA stands for

A

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

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8
Q

VRSA stands for

A

Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

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9
Q

Three spectra of antibiotics

A

Narrow-spectrum
Extended-spectrum
Broad-spectrum

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10
Q

True/False: Indiscriminate use of antibiotics is dangerous

A

TRUE

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11
Q

Penicillin (Permapen) is in a class of _ _ that act as _

A

β-lactam antibiotics, cell wall synthesis inhibitors

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12
Q

Cephalosporins are a class of _ _ that act as _

A

β-lactam antibiotics, cell wall synthesis inhibitors

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13
Q

Carbapanems are a class of _ _ that act as _

A

β-lactam antibiotics, cell wall synthesis inhibitors

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14
Q

Vancomycin (Vancocin) is an _ that acts as a _

A

antibiotic, cell wall synthesis inhibitors

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15
Q

All cell wall synthesis inhibitors are _

A

bactericidal

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16
Q

All β-lactam antibiotics have what chemical structure in common?

A

β-lactam ring

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17
Q

The bacterial defense response to β-lactam antibiotics is the production of

A

β-lactamase

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18
Q

The human response to bacterial production of β-lactamase is the production of

A

β-lactamase inhibitors

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19
Q

Clavulanic acid is a _ so it is often paired with _

A

β-lactamase inhibitor, β-lactam antibiotics

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20
Q

Active ingredients in Augmentin

A

Amoxicillin

Clavulanic acid

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21
Q

Four categories of cell wall synthesis inhibitors

A

Penicillin
Cephalosporins
Carbapanems
Vancomycin

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22
Q

Four common variations of penicillin

A

Natural
Antistaphylococcal
Extended-spectrum
Antipseudomonal

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23
Q

Penicillin (Pen-G, Pen-V) is a _ penicillin in a class of drugs called _

A

natural, β-lactam antibiotics

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24
Q

Methicillin (Staphcillin) is a _ penicillin in a class of drugs called _

A

antistaphylococcal, β-lactam antibiotics

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25
Q

Amoxicillin (Moxatag) is a _ penicillin in a class of drugs called _

A

extended-spectrum, β-lactam antibiotics

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26
Q

Ampicillin (Omnipen) is a _ penicillin in a class of drugs called _

A

extended-spectrum, β-lactam antibiotics

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27
Q

Piperacillin (Pipracil) is a _ penicillin in a class of drugs called _

A

antipseudomonal, β-lactam antibiotics

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28
Q

Ticarcillin (Ticar) is a _ penicillin in a class of drugs called _

A

antipseudomonal, β-lactam antibiotics

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29
Q

Active ingredients in Timentin

A

Ticarcillin

Clavulanic acid

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30
Q

Penicillin (Pen-G, Pen-V) is used to treat

A

susceptible strains of strep

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31
Q

Why is Methicillin (Staphcillin) not used anymore?

A

Toxicity issue

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32
Q

Two general types of infection based on the environment where the infection is acquired

A

Community infection

Nosocomial infection

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33
Q

Why would you want a community infection over a nosocomial infection?

A

Less microbial resistance means easier to treat

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34
Q

Two issues associated with administering antibiotics to a patient

A

Microbial resistance

Hypersensitivity

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35
Q

A person allergic to penicillin /may/ be allergic to _ generally

A

β-lactam antibiotics

36
Q

How many generations of cephalosporins

A

Four

37
Q

Later generations of cephalosporins show _ coverage against gram positive bacteria

A

decreased

38
Q

Later generations of cephalosporins show _ coverage against gram negative bacteria

A

increased

39
Q

Which generation(s) of cephalosporins show activity against pseudomonas?

A

3rd and 4th generation

40
Q

Which generation(s) of cephalosporins show resistance to β-lactamase?

A

4th generation

41
Q

Active ingredients in Primaxin

A

Imipenem & Cilastatin

42
Q

Imipenem (Primaxin) is a _ in a class of drugs called _

A

carbapenem, β-lactam antibiotics

43
Q

Why is cilastatin paired with imipenem (Primaxin)?

A

Cilastatin prevents degradation of imipenem into nephrotoxic metabolite

44
Q

What kind of coverage does imipenem (Primaxin) have?

A

Broad-spectrum

45
Q

Vancomycin (Vancocin) is used to treat the overgrowth of what microbe

A

Clostridium difficile

46
Q

Vancomycin (Vancocin) has what kind of toxicity issue?

A

Ototoxicity

47
Q

Three categories of protein synthesis inhibitors

A

Aminoglycoside
Tetracyclines
Macrolides

48
Q

Aminoglycosides are a class of _ that act as _

A

antibiotics, protein synthesis inhibitors

49
Q

Tetracyclines are a class of _ that act as _

A

antibiotics, protein synthesis inhibitors

50
Q

Macrolides are a class of _ that act as _

A

antibiotics, protein synthesis inhibitors

51
Q

Amikacin (formerly Amikin) is an _ in a class of drugs called _

A

antibiotic, aminoglycosides

52
Q

Gentamicin (Garamycin) is an _ in a class of drugs called _

A

antibiotic, aminoglycosides

53
Q

Aminoglycosides are associated with what issue?

A

Significant nephrotoxicity

54
Q

Tetracyclines are associated with what issue?

A

Affected bone and tooth deposition

55
Q

Tetracyclines are used to treat

A

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

56
Q

What’s a potential side effect of tetracyclines?

A

Significant GI disturbance

Discolored teeth

57
Q

Tetracyclines are contraindicated for what population?

A

Pediatric population

58
Q

Erythromycin (Ery-tab) is an _ in a class of drugs called _

A

antibiotic, macrolides

59
Q

Azithromycin (Zithromax) is an _ in a class of drugs called _

A

antibiotic, macrolides

60
Q

Azithromycin (Zithromax) is the drug of choice to treat

A

Mycoplasmal Pneumonia (Walking Pneumonia)

61
Q

Fluoroquinolones are a class of _ that act as _

A

antibiotic, nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors

62
Q

Levofloxacin (Levaquin) is an _ in a class of drugs called _

A

antibiotic, fluoroquinolones

63
Q

Ciprofloxacin (Cetraxal) is an _ in a class of drugs called _

A

antibiotic, fluoroquinolones

64
Q

Fluoroquinolones are contraindicated for what population?

A

Pediatric population

65
Q

What are potential side effects of fluoroquinolones?

A

Damage to cartilage, growth plates

Increased risk of tendon rupture

66
Q

Fluoroquinolones are used to treat

A

Urinary Tract Infection
Respiratory Infection
Bacterial diarrhea
Certain STDs

67
Q

Sulfonamides are a class of _ that act as _

A

antibiotics, folate synthesis inhibitors

68
Q

Trimethoprim is an _ that acts as a _

A

antibiotic, folate synthesis inhibitor

69
Q

Active ingredients in Bactrim, Septra

A

Trimethoprim/
Sulfamethoxazole
(TMP-SMX)

70
Q

Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) is used to treat

A

MRSA

VRSA

71
Q

Issues associated with Bactrim

A

Widespread hypersensitivity

Delayed hypersensitivity

72
Q

What kind of coverage do fluoroquinolones have?

A

Broad-spectrum

73
Q

Issue associated with sulfonamides

A

Significant hypersensitivity

74
Q

What are potential life-threatening side effects of sulfonamides

A

Stevens-Johnson syndrome

Toxic epidermal necrolysis

75
Q

Four mechanism-based classifications of antibiotics

A

Cell wall synthesis inhibitors
Protein synthesis inhibitors
Nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors
Folate synthesis inhibitors

76
Q

What vitamin must bacteria synthesize?

A

Folate (Vitamin B9)

77
Q

Properties of anesthetics

A

Analgesia
Sensation reduction
Amnesia
Muscle relaxation

78
Q

Four stages of anesthesia

A

Stage 1 Analgesia
Stage 2 Excitement
Stage 3 Surgical
Stage 4 Medullary paralysis

79
Q

What’s the goal of anesthesia

A

Get patient to stage 3, surgical anesthesia, as quickly as possible

80
Q

Two ways general anesthetics can be administered

A

Inhalation

Injection

81
Q

Three ways local anesthetics can be administered

A

Topical
Transdermal
Injection

82
Q

What’s the theory behind the general mechanism of action for general anesthetics?

A

Drugs bind directly to receptors in CNS and either enhance inhibitory NTs or decrease excitatory NTs

83
Q

What’s the general mechanism of action for local anesthetics?

A

Drugs block Na+ channels

84
Q

What’s the biggest difference between general and local anesthetics?

A

no loss of consciousness with local anesthetics

85
Q

How do local anesthetics produce analgesia without muscle paralysis?

A

Local anesthetics preferentially target small pain fibers before large motor fibers

86
Q

Nitrous oxide is a _ anesthetic

A

general

87
Q

Lidocaine (Lidoderm) is in a class of drugs called _

A

Local anesthetics

Biology4351 (16 decks)

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