foundations of cognitive memory

Question 1

structural encoding:

Answer 1

shallow processing that emphasizes the physical structure of the stimulus. e.g recognizing how many vowels are in a word

Question 2

phonemic encoding:

Answer 2

involves naming or saying the word. emphasizes what a word sounds like

Question 3

semantic encoding:

Answer 3

emphasizes deep processing by processing the meaning of something. involves thinking about what the word actually represents

Question 4

which encoding is the weakest?

Answer 4

structural

Question 5

which encoding is the strongest?

Answer 5

semantic

Question 6

short term memory lasts from:

Answer 6

20 to 30 seconds. its capacity is extremely limited

Question 7

short term memory is sometimes referred to as:

Answer 7

working memory

Question 8

why do we need short term memory?

Answer 8

its a buffer for what we store in long term memory

Question 9

long term memory is represented and organized in these 3 ways:

Answer 9

1. schemas
2. conceptual hierarchies
3. semantic network

Question 10

schema:

Answer 10

organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or event abstracted from previous experience with the object and or event

Question 11

types of schemas:

Answer 11

schema consistent, schema integration, schema inconsistent

Question 12

Bartlett defined schemas as:

Answer 12

an active organization of past experiences in which the mind abstracts a cognitive structure to represent many instances in those experiences

Question 13

in Bartletts study, he told a Native American legend and the task was:

Answer 13

to recall as much as possible of the story

Question 14

Bartletts findings:

Answer 14

participants changed subjects of the story to make it fit into their own culture. canoes changing into boats, seal hunting changing into fishing

Question 15

recall:

Answer 15

measurement of retention that requires reproducing info with any cues

Question 16

recognition:

Answer 16

measurement of retention that requires selection of previously learned info from an array of options

Question 17

forgetting can be caused by defects in:

Answer 17

encoding, strage and retrieval or a combination of the three

Question 18

it is believed forgetting is an ___ quality

Answer 18

adaptive. it allows a person to declutter their mind of things that are no longer important

Question 19

Herman ebbinghaus tested his own memory using:

Answer 19

nonsense syllables

Question 20

nonsense syllables:

Answer 20

combinations of letters that aren’t words but are pronounceable

Question 21

why did ebbinhaus choose non sense syllables for his experiment?

Answer 21

they are untainted by previous experiences