Foundations In Immunology

Question 1

What can the immune system cause problems with?

Answer 1

Allergies, asthma (adaptive immune),
arthritis, MS(autoimmune disorder)
HIV (immunodeficiency)
Cancer

Question 2

Autoimmune disease

Answer 2

Attacking won cells

Question 3

What is a pathogen? Give examples.

Answer 3

Any microorganism that causes harm (virus, Protozoa, bacteria, fungi, parasite)

Question 4

What are T cells?

Answer 4

Cells that can recognise whether they are your own or foreign.

Question 5

What is the 1st line of defence?

Answer 5

Skin, Mucosal barrier (reproductive, respiratory and digestive tracts)

Question 6

What are the two types of immune system?

Answer 6

INNATE and ADAPTIVE.

Innate - BASIC, available in all cavities. Non-specific, 1st go- to for help. No ‘memory’.

Adaptive - highly specific, has ‘memory’, produces antibodies. B cell,T cell, antibodies.

Question 7

What are natural killer cells?

Answer 7

Involved in Innate immunity. Do not carry out phagocytosis.

Question 8

Do innate and adaptive immune responses collaborate?

Answer 8

Yes, they work together.Activated T cells go from adaptive to innate system to help.

Question 9

What do macrophages do? What are they?

Answer 9

Give off chemicals that restrict blood flow away from injury site. Causes swelling/inflammation.
Signals for the need of phagocytosis.
Comes from bone marrow.
A monocyte. Change names depending on where it is.

Question 10

What cells come from lymphoid stem cells?

Answer 10

B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, Killer Cells

Question 11

What is a neutrophil?

Answer 11

Most abundant White /blood cell. Phagocytosis.

Question 12

What are natural killer cells?

Answer 12

Innate immune cell type.
Found in blood and spleen.
Can kill tumour cells, virus infected cells, bacteria, parasites and fungi.

Can bore holes (pores)in target cells (cell dies).
Or
Can secrete enzymes into cell. (Causing suicide)

Question 13

What is the complement system? A summary?

Answer 13

Composed of over 20 different proteins.
Bridges a gap between adaptation and innate immunity systems. MAinly for innate.

3 activation pathways.
When activated, creates hole on membrane cell wall (when C5b formed)

Question 14

What are the 3 pathways of the complement system?

Answer 14

Alternative pathway

Classical pathway

Lectin pathway

Question 15

What is MAC?

Answer 15

Membrane Attack Complex

Question 16

What is opsonisation?

Answer 16

Covering up (of pathogen)

Question 17

What are cytokines?

Answer 17

Chemicals used by cells to communicate with other cells.
Help macrophage and Natural Killer cell to keep killing without Adaptive system.

Autocrine - same cell
Paracrine- nearby cell
Endocrine - distant cell (circulates to find)

Question 18

What are the two main types of adaptive immunity?

Answer 18

Cell mediated and humoral/antibody immunity

Question 19

What do the B and T lymphocytes work together to do?

Answer 19

Recognise specific antigen.

Question 20

T cells need MHC to be presented with antigen

But B cells…

Answer 20

Do not need this (can recognise without).

Question 21

Passive immunity - someone else has made, injecting serum of pre-made antibodies, recovers, no memory

Active immunity - injecting diluted antigen, recovers by itself, memory achieved.

Answer 21

Iehgwohwg

Question 22

Where are B cells produced?

Answer 22

Bone marrow

Question 23

On what molecules are variable and constant regions found?

Answer 23

Antibodies - variable regions (top part)- attach different antigens.

Question 24

How many classes of antibodies are there?

Answer 24

Five:
IgG - main IMPORTANT , activation of complement system.
IgA - mucosal protection, secreted in breast milk.
IgM - complement activation
IgD - function not known
IgE - asthma, defends against parasites, ALLERGY

Question 25

What does opsonisation mean?

Answer 25

‘Tagging’ putting antibodies around a pathogen - shows its bad

Question 26

The B cells can be triggered by:

Answer 26

T cell Or antigen

Question 27

What is the journey of a B cell?

Answer 27

B cell journey Activation - proliferation - plasma cell or memory B cell. Plasma cell makes antibodies

Question 28

How does the T cell communicate to B cell to make antibodies?

Answer 28

2 molecules join | T cell releases cytokines into B cell?

Question 29

What is a lymphocyte and what are the three types of cells?

Answer 29

White blood cells Natural killer cells T-cells B-cells

Question 30

What is the acronym for cells in the innate system?

Answer 30

NEB Neutrophils Basophils Eosinophils

Question 31

What is the main type of cell in adaptive immunity?

Answer 31

T cell

Question 32

What cells are mainly part of the adaptive immune system?

Answer 32

T cells CD8 And CD4

Question 33

What are TCRS?

Answer 33

T cell receptors

Question 34

Which antigen produced by TCR is found on CD4 T cell?

Answer 34

MHC(11) T-helper

Question 35

Which antigen produced by the TCR is found on the CD8 T cell?

Answer 35

MHC(1) Cytotoxic

Question 36

What does the T helper cell do?

Answer 36

Helps B cells by telling them to produce antibodies, which neutralise antigens.

Question 37

What are antibodies?

Answer 37

Blood protein Y shaped Also known as immunoglobulin (iG) Neutralises antigens

Question 38

What are cytotoxic cells and what do they do?

Answer 38

They are CD8 T cells and they attack and kill target cell.

Question 39

What is a TCR and what does it do regarding t helper cell?

Answer 39

T cell receptor Eyes and ears Produces antigen (MHC(2))

Question 40

What do natural killer cells do?

Answer 40

In innate system (fast, no memory) Goes about (surveillance) checking that everything is fine. (Searches for display of MHC(1) as everything normally expresses that. Need to interact with MHC (1) to ‘not kill’ If no MHC(1), NKC kills ((performing and granzyme)

Question 41

When do natural killer cells ‘kill’?

Answer 41

When there is no MHC(1) present on the organ.

Question 42

What are the two types of lymphoid organs?

Answer 42

Primary (bone marrow and thymus) Secondary (spleen and lymph nodes)

Question 43

What is bone marrow?

Answer 43

A primary lymphoid organ Produces: T cells, B cells, NK cells, RBCs

Question 44

What is the thymus?

Answer 44

Primary lymphoid organ Found in neck Dissolves over time (explains bad immune system of elderly people Site of t-cell maturation (Positive and negative selection - CD8 or CD4)

Question 45

What are the two secondary lymphoid organs?

Answer 45

Spleen Lymph nodes (e.g tonsils)

Question 46

What is the spleen?

Answer 46

Left, back, above stomach Filters blood White pulp ( inside circle) Red pulp (outer circle)

Question 47

What are lymph nodes?

Answer 47

Organ of lymphatic system | Area for B cells and T cells to communicate

Question 48

What do antibodies do when produced and what cell produces them?

Answer 48

Plasma cells Go into bloodstream looking for specific antigen Make it easier for phagocytes to kill pathogen

Question 49

What are phagocytes?

Answer 49

``` White blood cells specifically designed to consume bacteria/ other pathogens Macrophages Neutrophils Mast cells Monocytes Dendritic cells ```

Question 50

How many pathways are there in the complement pathway and what are they?

Answer 50

Classical Alternative Lyctic

Question 51

What are cytokines, what are their functions and what produces them?

Answer 51

Chemical mediators, Drive t-cells to their differentiated types produced by helper t-cells

Question 52

What are the main differentiated types of t-cells?

Answer 52

TH1 - respond to INTRAcellular pathogens TH2 - respond to EXTRAcellular pathogens TH17 - have a big autoimmunity role TfH - help B-cells to produce antibodies