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Science For Medicine Jess > Autonomic Phisiology > Flashcards

Autonomic Phisiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two headings under autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic (fight and flight)

Parasympathetic (rest and digest)

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2
Q

How many ganglions are there in the somatic nervous system?

A

Just one

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3
Q

What do somatic nerves innervate?

A

Skeletal muscle.

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4
Q

What do autonomic nerves innervate?

A

Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle
Glands
(Involuntary)

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5
Q

How many neurones does the autonomic nervous system have (at each)

A

2 (pre-ganglionic neurone)

(Post- ganglionic neurone)

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6
Q

What are the main differences between the pre-ganglionic neurone and post-ganglionic neurone?

A

Pre-ganglionic: small and MYLENTATED

Postganglionic: UNMYLENATED.

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7
Q

What is different about the nature of the NMJ of the somatic nervous system?

A

Very SPECIALISED/ specific.
The receptors are all ION-TROPIC
The target skeletal muscles are ALWAYS excited.

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8
Q

What is different about the nature of the NMJ of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Much LESS specialised/ specific (lots of neurotransmitters are released into a general region of many receptors, which are scattered.
The receptors are all METABOTROPIC - via G-protein etc.
Can excite AND inhibit.

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9
Q

Can the somatic nervous system inhibit skeletal muscle?

A

NO, only excite. Always reaches threshold.

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10
Q

What type of receptors are present in the autonomic nervous system?

A

METABOTROPIC - G proteins etc.

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11
Q

What is the name for the outflow of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Cranio-sacral

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12
Q

Which are longer- the pre or post-ganglionic neurones of the para-sympathetic nervous system?

A

PRE ganglionic.

LONG- short

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13
Q

What is the outflow of the sympathetic nervous system called?

A

Thoracic-lumbar.

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14
Q

Where is the lumbar region found?

A

Between the thoracic and sacral regions.

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15
Q

Which is longer - pre-ganglionic or post-ganglionic in the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Post
Short-long
(Pre ganglionic until sympathetic trunk, then long to target molecule)

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16
Q

What is the structure present in the autonomic, sympathetic nervous system called which all the pre-ganglionic neurones attach to?

A

The sympathetic trunk.

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17
Q

What is mass activation in the sympathetic nervous system and what contributes to it?

A

Lots of ganglia being activated.

CONVERGENCE and DIVERGENCE (many pre-ganglionic neurones attaching to one post-ganglionic neurone and vice versa).

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18
Q

What is the white ramus?

A

The MYLENTAED pre-synaptic ganglions/ fibres of the autonomic nervous system.

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19
Q

What is grey ramus?

A

The UN-MYLENATED post-ganglionic fibres of the autonomic nervous system.

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20
Q

Where can the ——— trunk be found?

A

The sympathetic nervous system of the autonomic nervous system.

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21
Q

What are the two different neurotransmitters (hormones) that are released called?

A

Acetyl-choline

Noradrenaline/ adrenaline

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22
Q

What receptors do acetylcholine act on? And what are the two sub-divisions?

A

CHOLINERGIC receptors

Can be nicotinic(iontropic) or muscarinic (metabotropic).

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23
Q

What receptors do noradrenaline/ adrenaline act on and what are the two sub-divisions of them?

A

Adrenergic, can be alpha or beta.

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24
Q

What neurotransmitters do the PRE-ganglionic neurones of the SYMPATHETIC nervous system release, and what are the receptors?

A

Release acetylcholine
And
Bind to nicotinic cholinergic receptors.
(Same as NMJ, but can be differentiated)

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25
What neurotransmitters do the POST-ganglionic neurones of the SYMPATHETIC nervous system release, and what are the receptors?
Releases noradrenaline/ adrenaline | Beta or alpha receptors
26
What is different about the adrenal medulla?
It has NO POST-GANGLIONIC axons. | Noradrenaline released into BLOOD - finds alpha or beta receptors.
27
What neurotransmitters do the PRE-ganglionic neurones of the PARASYMPATHETIC nervous system release, and what are the receptors?
Same as sympathetic: acetyl-choline and nicotinic cholinergic receptors.
28
What neurotransmitters do the POST-ganglionic neurones of the PARASYMPATHETIC nervous system release, and what are the receptors?
Acetyl choline And MUSCARINIC receptors
29
When are muscarinic receptors used?
The post-ganglions of the para-sympathetic nervous system.
30
What is a potential complication/exception with post ganglionic fibres of sympathetic nervous system?
Innervate sweat glands. | Release Ach, muscarinic instead of normal noradrenaline/alpha/beta.
31
What are NANC transmitters?
Non- adrenergic, non-cholinergic receptors. (could be peptides) E.g of complication/exception.
32
When is Gut enzyme-secretion activity increased?
Rest&digest mode- parasympathetic.
33
When do eyes focus further away?
Fight&flight, sympathetic mode.
34
When does your mouth dry?
Fight & flight mode - sympathetic.
35
When do you drool?
Rest&digest mode - parasympathetic.
36
When does blood go to muscle?
Fight &flight mode - sympathetic.
37
When does blood go to gut?
Rest&digest mode - parasympathetic
38
When do your airways constrict?
Rest &digest - parasympathetic
39
When do your airways dilate?
Fight&flight mode - sympathetic.
40
THE EYE: | Which muscles, which neurotransmitters, which receptors.
Sympathetic: Dilates, radial muscle contracts. Noradrenaline/adrenaline released. Alpha 1 receptors. Parasympathetic: Restricts, spchinter muscle contracts, Ach released, muscarinic receptors.
41
What receptor is acted on when the EYE DILATES (sympathetic)
ALpha 1 (constricts smooth muscles)
42
What do Beta 2 receptors do?
RELAX smooth muscle.
43
What muscle of the EYE controls its focus?
Cillary muscle.
44
Sympathetic, focusing far away, EYE?
Noradrenaline released, B2 (relaxes muscle) receptor.
45
Parasympathetic, focusing close up, EYE?
Ach released, muscarinic receptor.
46
What are usually the receptors used regarding cardiac muscle?
B1 receptors.
47
What effect does parasympathetic nervous system have on strong ness/weakness of heart?
Very little.
48
What are the therapeutic advantages of B1 and B2 receptors?
B2 - relaxes smooth muscle. B1 - to do with cardiac muscle. Using B2 agonist, you know that it can dilate airways, but not affect the heartrate. B1 antagonist, vice versa.
49
What happens to blood vessels during fight and flight?
Both constrict AND dilate (blood moving from different places in the body. Alpha 1 to constrict, and Beta 2 to dilate.
50
What effect does the parasympathetic system have on blood vessels?
NONE. Not innervate. (Single innervation)
51
What is tonic activity?
On-going activity. Needs to be turned down/ up to achieve desired effect in cases of single-innervation.
52
When is tonic activity especially important?
In cases of single innervation. E.g: parasympathetic nervous system and blood vessels.
53
What effect does the parasympathetic system have on energy stores?
NONE, example of single innervation.
54
When does the parasympathetic system have no effect?
Blood vessels, | Energy stores.
55
What things are activation in the control of the gut?
Smooth muscle contraction/ relaxation. | Pancreas enzyme excretion increase/decrease.
56
How many parts of the bladder are controlled by nervous system and what are they?
2 Smooth muscle surrounding bladder Sphincter muscle at bottom (allows passage of urine)
57
What happens with sympathetic nervous system with bladder?
Smooth muscle relaxed, uses B2 receptors | Sphincter muscle contracted, using alpha 1 receptors.
58
What happens with parasympathetic nervous system with bladder?
Surrounding smooth muscle contracts, using muscarinic receptors Sphincter muscle relaxes, allowing release of urine, also using muscarinic receptors. (You get different types of muscarinic receptors)
59
What happens to reproductive tract with sympathetic nervous system?
Smooth muscle contracts; ejaculation.
60
What happens to reproductive tract with parasympathetic system?
Smooth muscle relaxes; causes erection.
61
What effects can dual-innervation have?
Antagonistic or complementary.
62
What leads to the need of tone control?
Single innervation.
63
Are receptor subtypes important?
YES.

Science For Medicine Jess (28 decks)

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