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Science for Medicine > Foundations in Immunology 2 > Flashcards

Foundations in Immunology 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are functions of the lymphatic system?

A

Drainage of tissues

Absorption and transport of fatty acids and fat

Immunity

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2
Q

What is the lymphatic system?

A

Network of tubes that carry clear fluid called lymph

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3
Q

How does lymph move through the lymphatic system?

A

By contraction of skeletel muscles

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4
Q

What eventually happens to the fluid in the lymphatic system?

A

Enters the blood after entering the right lymphatic duct or thoracic duct

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5
Q

What happens to molecules in the interstitual space that are too big to pass through cappilary walls?

A

They pass into the lymphatic system which has more permeable walls

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6
Q

What are some lymph nodes?

A

Cervical

Axillary

Bronchial

Abdominal

Inguinal

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7
Q

What are the two kinds of lymph vessels?

A

Afferent

Efferent

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8
Q

What prevents backflow in lymph vessels?

A

Valves

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9
Q

What are the two lymphatic ducts?

A

Right lymphatic duct

Thoracic duct

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10
Q

What is the path that lymph being drained from interstitual space takes?

A
  1. Lymph
  2. Afferent vessel
  3. Lymph node
  4. Efferent vessel (filtered lymph)
  5. Lymphatic duct
  6. Venous system
  7. Blood
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11
Q

What are the 3 phases of immune defence?

A
  1. Recognition of danger
  2. Production of specific weapon
  3. Transport of weapon to the site
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12
Q

Where are white blood cells produced and recieve their early training?

A

Primary lymphoid organs

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13
Q

What are some primary lymphoid organs?

A

Bone marrow

Thymus

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14
Q

What happens to bone marrow as you get older?

A

You have less because long bones get filled with fat

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15
Q

What is the site of maturation of T cells?

A

Thymus

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16
Q

What kinds of cells are found in the thymus?

A

Macrophages

Dendritic cells

Numerous thyrocytes (T cell precurders)

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17
Q

What is a secondary lymphoid organ?

A

Site of lymphocyte activation by antigen

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18
Q

What are examples of secondary lymphoid organs?

A

Lymph nodes and lymphatic system

Spleen

Tonsil

Cutaneous immune system

Mucosal immune system

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19
Q

What is the spleen composed of?

A

Red pulp

White pulp (lymphocytes)

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20
Q

What are functions of the spleen?

A

Filter blood

APLs, B cells and T cells promote interactions for development of humoral immune response

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21
Q

What are functions of lymph nodes?

A

Filter and purify lymph

99% of antigens are removed here

In response to antigen detection T and B cells are stimulated and adaptive immune response initiated

Maintain and produce B cells and house T cells

22
Q

What does the structure of a lymph node look like?

A
23
Q

Where are payer’s patches found and what do they do?

A

Small intestine, prevents the gorwth of pathogenic bacteria

24
Q

What are payer’s patches covered by?

A

A layer of M cells

25
Q

What are M cells?

A

Transport antigens from the lumen of the intestine to the payer’s patch, then carried to lymph then lymph node

26
Q

What are tonsils involved in?

A

Defence from infection of the upper respitory tract

27
Q

What is lymphoma?

A

Caner of the lymphatic system

28
Q

What is one of the most common pathways for the spread of cancer?

A

Lymphatic system

29
Q

What are T cells derived from?

A

Bone marrow

30
Q

What are MHC1 and MHC2?

A

Proteins that express antigens on their surface (antigen presenting cells)

31
Q

Where is MHC1 found?

A

On every cell

32
Q

Where is MHC2 found?

A

On macrophages and dendritic cells

33
Q

What are T cells responsible for?

A

Cell mediated immunity and assisting B cells

34
Q

What do cell surface receptors in the T cell receptors (TCR) recognise?

A

Antibodies when bound to MHC

35
Q

What are different T cells?

A

Helper of CD4+ T cells

Cytotoxic or CD8+ T cells

36
Q

What do helper T cells do?

A

Stimulate B cells to produce antibodies

37
Q

What do cytotoxic T cells do?

A

Work similar to natural killer cells, destroying the pathogen

38
Q

What is the process of the origin of T cells?

A
  1. Immature in bone marrow and head to thymus
  2. Mature in thymus, where receptor markers are given to them
  3. Head to secondary lymphoid organ
39
Q

What is T cell selection?

A

T cells must learn not to recognise out own self antigens, restricted to recognise antigen in association with out own MHC

40
Q

What does T cell selection happen?

A

Thymus

41
Q

What are the two types of T cell seleciton?

A

Positive selection

Negative selection

42
Q

What happens during positive selection?

A

T cells are presented with self MHC on epithelial cells

If they do not recognise it they are destroyed by apoptosis

(tests immature)

43
Q

What happens during negative selection?

A

T cells are presented with dendritic cells, if they recognise self antigens they are destroyed by apoptosis

(tests mature)

44
Q

What does MHC1 do?

A

Presents virally induced peptides to killer T cells to triger cytotoxic response

45
Q

What does MHC2 do?

A

Found on macrophages, B cells, T cells and presents exogenously produced antigen to helper T cells to activate macrophages and B cells

46
Q

What do helper T cells do?

A

They cannot kill, they activate and direct other immune cells

47
Q

What do cytotoxic T cells do?

A

Release perforin when exposed to infected cells

Creates a pore

Releases granzyme B that enters pores and enduces apoptosis

48
Q

What do memory T cells arise from?

A

Memory T cells arise from both differentiated and partially differentiated T cells

49
Q

What do memory T cells allow?

A

Potential for further differentiation on reexposure to antigen

50
Q

What is the difference between Th1 and Th2 cells?

A

Th1 cells are a cellular response and produce memory cells

Th2 cells are a humoral response and result in antibodies

51
Q

What can a Th1/Th2 imbalance be caused by?

A

Genetic factor

Environmental factor

52
Q

What can an imbalance between Th1 and Th2 cells cause?

A

Asthma

Science for Medicine (55 decks)

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