Essential Pharmacology 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a receptor?

A

Responds to stimuli and generates a response

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2
Q

How does the same receptor compare in different cells?

A

The same receptor may produce different responses in different cells

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3
Q

How do receptor sub types compare in the same cell?

A

May provide different responses

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4
Q

How to receptors allow specificity?

A

By only binding to certain substrate

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5
Q

What things could a receptor alter as part of the response?

A

Membrane permeability

Metabolism

Secretory activity

Rate of proliferation or differentiation

Contractile activity

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6
Q

What is the process of a receptor binding to a substrate and producing a response known as?

A

Signal transduction, or cell signalling

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7
Q

What is signal transduction (cell signalling)?

A

Transmission of a molecular signal from a cells exterior to its interior

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8
Q

What are the 3 main examples of receptors?

A

Intercellular receptor

Plasma membrane receptor

G protein coupled receptor

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9
Q

What must lipids that bind to intracellular receptors be and why?

A

Lipophillic as they need to pass through the cell membrane

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10
Q

What are two common intracellular receptor substances?

A

Steroid hormones

Nitric acid

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11
Q

What happens when steroid hormones bind to intracellular receptors?

A

Binds to receptor

Often transcription factor, altering rate

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12
Q

What does nitric acid do when it binds to an intracellular receptor?

A

Binds to soluble guonylyl cyclose

Generates cGMP as a second messenger which regulates cell activity

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13
Q

What kind of receptor do molecules that cannot penetrate the cell membrane need to combine to?

A

Plasma membrane receptors

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14
Q

What are the 4 types of plasma membrane receptors?

A

Ionotopic receptor (also acts as an ion channel)

Receptors that function as an enzyme

Receptors that directly alter enzyme activity, which is another protein

G protein coupled receptors

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15
Q

How many transmembrane spanning segments do G proteins have?

A

7

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16
Q

What happens when a substrate binds to a G protein?

A
  1. Part of it dissociates and interacts with other proteins (channel or enzyme)
  2. Causes the release of a second messenger within the cell
17
Q

What kind of things can G proteins do?

A

Form active transport

Channels

Protein synthesis

Enzymes

Secretion

18
Q

What are some examples of proteins coupled to G proteins?

A

Adrenylyl cyclase

Phospholipase C

Ion channels

19
Q

What does adrenylyl cyclase do?

A

Regulates cAMP (second messenger)

Regulates PKA

20
Q

What does phopholipase C do?

A

Produces diacylglycerol and inositol triphosphate

Activates PKC and releases Ca2+ from internal stores

21
Q

What do ion channels attatched to G proteins do?

A

Evoke slow IPSPs or slow EPSPs

22
Q

What often acts as a second messenger?

A

Ca2+

23
Q

Where are some sources of Ca2+?

A

Internal sources via IP3+ or Ca2+ stimulated releases from endoplasmic reticulum

Outside the cell by using voltage or ligand gated Ca2+ channels

Inhibition of Ca2+ transport out of the cell

24
Q

What are some effects of Ca2+?

A

Directly effects proteins (like PKC)

Binds to calmodulin which activates protein target

Works via some other Ca2+ binding protein

25
Q

What is pharmacology?

A

Study of drug action