Autonomic Physiology 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What does tissues response to nerves depend on?

A

What neurotransmitter is used and what receptor it acts on

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2
Q

What receptors does noradrenaline act on?

A

Alpha and beta receptors

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3
Q

What receptors does acetylcholine act on?

A

Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors

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4
Q

What does the sympathetic system do in the eye?

A

Activates B2 receptor on cilary muscle round the lens (muscle relaxes and the eye focuses far away)

Activates A1 receptor on radial muscle of iris (muscle contracts and makes pupils larger)

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5
Q

What does the parasympathetic system do in the eye?

A

Activates muscarinic receptors on colary muscle (muscle contracts and eye focuses close up)

Activates muscarinic receptor on sphlincter muscle (muscle contracts and makes pupils smaller)

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6
Q

What does the sympathetic system do in the heart?

A

Activates B1 receptors on pacemaker cells (increase heart rate)

Activates B1 receptors on myocytes (increases strength of contraction)

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7
Q

What does the parasympathetic system do in the heart?

A

Activates muscarinic receptors on pacemaker cells (decreases heart rate)

Little effect on myocytes (little effect on strength of contraction)

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8
Q

What does the sympathetic system do in the lungs?

A

Activates B2 receptors in smooth muscle of airway (muscle relaxes and dilutes airway)

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9
Q

What does the parasympathetic system do in the lungs?

A

Activates muscarinic receptors of smooth muscle on airway (muscle contracts and constricts airway)

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10
Q

What does the sympathetic system do in blood vessels?

A

Activates A1 receptors on smooth muscle of venules (muscle contracts and blood flow decreases)

Activates B2 receptors on smooth muscle of venules (muscle relaxes and blood flow increases)

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11
Q

What does the parasympathetic system do in blood vessels?

A

Usually no effect

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12
Q

What does the sympathetic system do in the gut?

A

Activates A/B receptors on smooth muscle of the gut (decreases gut motility)

Activates A receptors on pancreas (inhibits secreation of enzymes)

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13
Q

What does the parasympathetic system do in the gut?

A

Activates muscarinic receptors on smooth muscle of the gut (increases gut motility)

Activates muscarinic receptors in pancrease (increases secretion)

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14
Q

What does the sympathetic system do on energy stores?

A

Activates A/B receptors on liver cells (stimulates gluconeogenesis and glycolysis)

Activates A/B receptors on fat cells (increases lipolysis)

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15
Q

What does the parasympathetic system do to energy stores?

A

No effect

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16
Q

What does the sympathetic system do to the silivary glands?

A

Activates B receptors (stimulates thick secretion rich in enzymes)

17
Q

What does the parasympathetic system do to the salivary glands?

A

Activates muscarinic receptors (stimulates profuse watery secretion)

18
Q

What does the sympathetic system do on the bladder?

A

Activates B2 receptors on smooth muscle of bladder wall (muscle relaxes and reduces pressure)

Activates A1 receptor on smooth muscle of sphincter (muscle contracts and stops urination)

19
Q

What does the parasympathetic system do on the bladder?

A

Activates muscarinic receptors on smooth muscle of bladder wall (muscle contracts and increases pressure)

Activates muscarinic receptors on sphincter (muscle relaxes and causes urination)

20
Q

What does the sympathetic system do on the reproductive tract?

A

Activates A1 receptors on smooth muscle of urethra (muscle contracts and causes ejactulation)

21
Q

What does the parasympathetic system do on the reproductive tract?

A

Activates muscarinic receptors on smooth muscle of corpus cavernosum (muscle relaxes and causes erection)

22
Q

What beta receptors are usually found in the heart?

A

B1

23
Q

What beta receptors are usually found in the lungs?

A

B2

24
Q

What does having different beta receptors in the heart and lungs allow?

A

Drugs to target one without affecting the other

25
Q

What are different types of innervation between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions?

A

Antagonistic action

Single innervation

Dual innvervation with non-antagonistic action

Dual innervation with complimentary efffects

26
Q
A
27
Q

What is an example of antagonistic action?

A

The eye

28
Q

What is an example of single innervation?

A

Energy stores

29
Q

What is an example of dual innervation with non-antagonistic action?

A

Salivary glands

30
Q

What is an example of dual innervation with complimentary effect?

A

Reproductive tract

31
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system controlled by?

A

Autonomic reflexes

Hypothalamus

32
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

Coordinates autonomic, somatic and endocrine activity

33
Q

What is an example of an autonomic reflex?

A

Baroreceptors that detect blood pressure

34
Q

What are some complications of the actions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions (not following the ‘rules’?

A

Some neurones release non adrenergic and non cholinergic transmitter (NO, ATP)

Some may co release transmitters

Some neurones are odd, such as sympathetic post ganglion fibres innervating sweat glands releasing acetylcholine