Anatomy of Joints Flashcards
What does the anatomical position look like?
Standing upright
Hand facing forwards
Upper limbs by side
Lower limbs straight
Heels together
In males, erected penis
What does superior mean?
Facing upwards
What does inferior mean?
Facing downwards
What does lateral mean?
Away from midline
What does medial mean?
Towards midline
What does anterior mean?
Towards front
What does posterior mean?
Towards back
What does proximal mean?
Closer to origin of limb
What does distal mean?
Further away from origin of the limb
What does dorsal mean?
Towards back
What does ventral mean?
Towards belly
What are the four anatomical planes?
Medium plane (midline)
Frontal plane
Transverse plane
Sagittal plane
What side does cross section anatomy always show?
Inferior side (looking upwards)
What is a joint?
A union between two or more rigid components
What is another word for a joint?
Articulation
What are some functions of joints?
Movement
Growth
What are the 3 types of joints?
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial
What are fibrous joints composed of?
Dense fibrous connective tissue
What kind of stength do fibrous joints have?
High tensile strength
What is there little movement in fibrous joints?
Due to high amount of collagen fibres
What are some examples of fibrous joints?
Periodontal ligament
Cranial sultures
Interosseus membranes
What are cartilaginous joints composed of?
Layers of cartilage
What are the 2 types of cartilaginous joints?
Synchonroses (primary)
Symphyses (secondary)
What do synchondroses cartiliaginous joints allow?
Bone growth
What happens to synchondroses cartilaginous joints in adults?
Disapear
Do you get movement in a synchondroses cartilaginous joint?
No
What is an example of a synchondroses cartilaginous joint?
In a growing long bone
What happens to symphyses cartilaginous joints with age?
Do not ossify
What kind of movement do symphyses cartilaginous joints allow?
Limited
What is an example of a symphyses cartilaginous joint?
Intervertebral disc
What do synovial joints allow for?
Greater movement
What are common features of synovial joints?
Fibrous capsule
Synovial membrane
Synovial cavity
Articular cartilage
What is the fibrous capsule in a synovial joint made of?
Collagen fibres
What does the synovial membrane in a synovial joint do?
Produces synovial fluid
What does the synovial cavity contain?
Synovial fluid which lubricates the joint
What is the function of articular cartilage in a synovial joint?
Roles in lubrication and movement
What may, but not always, synoival joints contain?
Articular disks
Ligaments
Bursae
What are the 6 types of synovial joints?
Hinge
Pivot
Saddle
Condylar
Plane
Ball and socket
What are some types of movement at synovial joints?
Flexion/extension
Abduction/adduction
Lateral/medial rotation
Circumduction
Supi-/pronation
Inversion/eversion
Dorsi-/planterflexion
True flexion/extension
What are joints stabalised by?
Shapes of articulating surfaces (how well they fit together)
Fibrous capsule and ligaments
Muscles
Joints have a rich what?
Blood and nerve supply
What is common around joints in terms of blood and nerves?
Anastomosis
What is anastomosis?
Cross connections between adjacent channels
What does anastomoses ensure?
The joint is always supplied with blood/nerves during the full range of its movement
What is proprioception?
Sense of your own body parts position in space
What law do nerves around joints adhere to?
Hilton’s law
What is hilton’s law?
The nerve supplying a muscle that crosses a certain joint also innervates that joint
What are some common joint pathology?
Trauma
Arthiritis
Craniosynostosis (premature closure in parts of the skull)
