Foundations for Growth & Development Flashcards
What is Growth? How does it differ from Development?
Increase in physical size (height & weight);
results in increased size & weight of whole or parts.
- orderly process, occurring in systematic fashion.
- rates & patterns of growth specific to certain parts of body.
- Wide individual rate difference
What is Development? How does it differ from Growth?
- increase in mental, physical, social & emotional abilities;
- gradual functional & physiological maturation;
- advancement from lower to more advanced stage of complexity;
- increased capacity through growth, maturation, learning.
- proceeds simple to complex & from general to specific.
- occurs in a cephalocaudal & proximodistal progression.
- Continuous throughout the life span
- Includes cognitive, psychological, psychosexual
What is Maturation?
- Increase in competency & adaptability
- Qualitative change to higher level
What is Differentiation?
Processes by which early cells & structures are systematically modified & altered
What are the directional patterns of growth?
cephalocaudal
proximodistal
Mass to specific
Sequential Pattern
Predictable sequence
What are the stages of childhood?
Prenatal: Conception to the Birth
Neonatal: Birth to 28 days (Early & Late)
Infancy: 29 days to 12 months
Early Childhood: 1 year to 6 years
Middle childhood: 6 to 12 years
Late Childhood & Adolescent: 12 to18 years
What are the 3 major domains and what do they influence?
- Physical
- Cognitive
- Psychosocial
Each domain influences & integrates:
Gross Motor
Fine Motor (adaptive)
Communication & language
Cognitive (personal & social)
388: Observe and assess…
..how the child plays, learns, speaks, behaves
Physical Growth: Weight
Newborn decrease weight of10% of birth weight & regain by 10th Day.
Birth weight doubles by 4th month & triples by one year; 4 times BW by 2 years of age.
Physical Growth: Height
At Birth: 50cm; 6 months: +12 cm to birth length;
1 year: 75 cm; 2 years: 85 cm; 2-5 years:+6 to 8 cm per year; 5 years: approximately 5 cm per year
What are some growth trends?
-rapid growth during infancy & adolescence
-slower gains in early & middle childhood
-gender differences: girls retain somewhat more
-body fat; boys slightly more muscular
-posture & balance improve so gains in motor
coordination
-individual differences in body size become more apparent with age
Biologic ‘Growth’ & ‘Physical Development’
External proportions Biologic determinants Skeletal growth & maturation Neurologic maturation Lymphoid tissue Organ system
How do hormones and heredity impact growth?
physical size & rate of growth related to parents
Growth hormone (GH)-body tissues
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) development of brain & body
Changes in body proportions occur dramatically during childhood.
What is Plasticity?
- Plasticity refers to significant shaping of immature brain by life experiences, social influences, & environment.
- Develops in “spurts” when brain is best equipped to learn certain skill
What hemisphere is more dominant? For how long?
Right hemisphere has growth spurt in first 1½ years & is dominant for first 3 years.
When does the brain go through growth spurts? How many? What is pruning?
Birth to 6 years,
3 growth spurts followed by pruning;
-Synapses & neurons activated preserved or pruned.
What are some early negative factors?
Lack of critical early nurturing
Chaotic & cognitively impoverished environments
Pervasive physical threat
Watching violence
Inadequate nutrition
Early, frequent, & intense stress
Drugs ,Alcohol, Toxins (smoking, lead, chemicals)
How does Cortisol impact brain development?
High levels of Cortisol can slow brain development and child may experience more cognitive, motor, and social delays.
What are some positive experiences that influence brain development?
Loving care & touch Consistent, individual attention Everyday, simple activities Exposure to new experiences Understand child development Talking
Add music
Limit television
Balance: pay attention to the whole child
Read & respond to child’s cues
How do you create a safe environment for brain development?
Remove any physical threats.
Responsive to crying.
Reduce stress by making child’s world safe, secure, responsive
Predictable daily routines.
Adequate nutrition & hydration
What are “Windows” of learning?
Periods when particular experiences are especially important or when some skills are more easily developed.
What do the most important “windows” involve?
emotional & social development
Windows for opportunity by age 2, 5, birth to 4, birth to 10, and 3-10?
By age 2 – emotional control By age 2 – social attachment By age 5 – motor development Birth to 10 years – language skills Birth to 4 years – visual development Birth to 4 years – math & logic skills 3 to 10 years – music
Is brain development linear?
NO, non-linear and most developmental achievements occur naturally
When are most synaptic connections made and when do they start to decline?
By age 3, 80% of synaptic connections are made.
Connections decline after this time to age 10.
During first 10 yrs, brain is twice as active as adults
What are developmental milestones?
-Average level of development of a child
-Range of normal
Skills example: rolling over, taking a first step, smiling for the first time, crawling, waving “bye-bye”
Why do a developmental assessment?
Early detection of deviation
Ensure adequate surveillance of developmental progress
Domains assessed: cognitive, motor, language, social / behavioral, & adaptive
Screening, early detection & treatment to improving health and well being
What are the stages of Erikson’s psychosocial development theory?
Trust vs. mistrust (birth to 1 year)
Autonomy vs. shame and doubt (1 to 3 years)
Initiative vs. guilt (3 to 6 years)
Industry vs. inferiority (6 to 12 years)
Identity vs. role confusion (12 to 18 years)
What are the stages of Piaget’s cognitive development theory?
Sensorimotor (birth to 2 years)
Preoperational (2 to 7 years)
Concrete operations (7 to 11 years)
Formal operations (11 to 15 years)
What are the stages of Freud’s psychosocial development theory?
Oral stage (birth to 1 year) Anal stage (1 to 3 years) Phallic stage (3 to 6 years) Latency period (6 to 12 years) Genital stage (≥12 years)
How do children learn?
By doing
How should parents promote learning?
Modelling, providing opportunities, repetition, encouragement
What are the 7 essentials for early development?
- Encourage exploration.
- Mentor in basic skills.
- Celebrate developmental advances.
- Rehearse and extend new skills.
- Protect from inappropriate disapproval, teasing, neglect, & punishment.
- Communicate richly &responsively.
- Guide & limit behavior; teach what is acceptable.
What is the fastest growing part of a child?
-During first few years, brain grows faster than any other part of the body.
