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DIT Cards > Foundations > Flashcards

Foundations Flashcards

1
Q

What structures come from neural crest?

A

Melanocytes, aorticopulmonary septum, ganglia (autonomic, dorsal root, enteric), iris stroma, chromaffin cells, cranial nerves, odontoblasts/ossicles, parafollicular (C) cells, sclerae (MAGIC COPS)

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2
Q

What structures develop from the neural tube? (from neuroectoderm)

A

CNS (neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells), pineal gland, posterior pituitary, retina

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3
Q

What structures come from surface ectoderm?

A

lens, olfactory epithelium, inner ear, anterior pituitary, oral epithelium, parotid glands, enamel of teeth, epidermis, sweat glands, mammary glands, distal anal canal

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4
Q

What structures develop from mesoderm?

A

muscle, bone, bone marrow, blood cells, heart, blood vessels, lymphatics, upper vagina, kidneys, adrenal cortex, gonads, dermis

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5
Q

What structures develop from endoderm?

A

GI tract, submandibular glands, sublingual glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, lungs, thymus, thyroid follicular cells, lower vagina, bladder epithelium, urethral epithelium

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6
Q

What does the epiblast give rise to?

A

All three germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

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7
Q

What does the hypoblast give rise to?

A

endoderm

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8
Q

What happens in weeks 3-8 of embryonic development

A

embryonic period -> organogenesis

most susceptible to teratogens

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9
Q

What happens in week 4 of embryonic development?

A

4 chamber heart, 4 limb buds

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10
Q

What happens in week 8 of embryonic development?

A

fetal movement (eight/gait)

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11
Q

What happens in week 10 of embryonic development?

A

sex-specific genitalia (puberty @ age 10)

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12
Q

What is the relationship between the notochord, the neural crest, the neural plate, and the neural tube?

A

The notochord is formed from mesoderm, which induces ectoderm to form the neural plate.
Edges of the neural plate fold up and form the neural tube (becomes brain and spinal cord)
Pieces bud off and surround the neural tube, called the neural crest

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13
Q

What are the characteristics of fetal alcohol syndrome?

A

facial abnormalities (narrow eye openings, wide-set eyes, smooth philtrum, thin upper lip, cleft palate)
intellectual disability
microcephaly
holoprosencephaly

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14
Q

2 things that allow progression from G1->S

A

CDK4-cyclin D

CDK2-cyclin E

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15
Q

2 things that allows progression from G2->M

A

CDK2-cyclin A

CDK1-cyclin B

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16
Q

What is I cell disease?

A

Deficiency in mannose phosphorylation
No mannose-6-phosphate to target lysosomal proteins -> secretion out of cell instead of into lysosomes
Death by age 8
Corneal clouding, coarse facies, hepatosplenomegaly, skeletal abnormalities, restricted joint movement
May have intellectual disability

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17
Q

What must be present on a protein in order for that protein to gain entry into the nucleus?

A

nuclear localization signals

PALS -> proline, arginine, lysine

18
Q

What intermediate filament is part of epithelial cells?

In what cancer does it stain?

A

cytokeratin; carcinoma

19
Q

What intermediate filament is part of muscle cells?

In what cancer does it stain?

A

desmin; rhabdomyosarcoma, leiomyosarcoma

20
Q

What intermediate filament is part of astrocytes and Schwann cells? In what cancer does it stain?

A

glial fibrillary acid proteins (GFAP); glioblastoma

21
Q

What intermediate filament is part of axons within neurons? In what cancer does it stain?

A

neurofilaments; neuroblastoma

22
Q

What intermediate filament is part of the nuclear envelope and DNA within?

A

Nuclear lamins

23
Q

What intermediate filament is part of connective tissue (fibroblasts, leukocytes, endothelium)? In what cancer does it stain?

A

Vimentin; sarcomas

24
Q

What drugs act on microtubules?

A
  1. Vinka alkaloids -> vincristine and vinblastine (block polymerization of microtubules)
  2. Taxans -> Paclitaxel, Docetaxel (stabilize the microtubules)
  3. Colchicine
  4. Griseofulvin
  5. Benzimidazoles -> mebendazole, albendazole, thiabendazole
25
Q

What are the defects seen in Kartagener Syndrome?

A

chronic sinusitis, broncheiectasis, situs inversus

Part of primary ciliary dyskinesia -> Immotile cilia due to dynein arm defect; also have infertility

26
Q

What are the effects of thromboxane A2?

A

increased platelet aggregation

increased vascular tone

27
Q

What are the effects of prostaglandins?

A

increased uterine tone (PGE2, PGF2alpha)

decreased vascular tone (PGE1)

28
Q

What are the effects of PGI2?

A

decreased platelet aggregation
decreased vascular tone
decreased uterine tone

29
Q

What are the effects of leukotrienes? What inhibits them?

A

neutrophil chemotaxis
increased bronchial tone (LTC4, LTD4, LTE4)
Inhibited by Zafirlukast, Montelukast

30
Q

Where are collagens types I, II, III, and IV found?

A

type I - bones, skin, dentin, scar tissue
type II - cartilage, vitreous body, nucleus pulposus
type III - blood vessels, skin, uterus, embryonic/fetal tissue, granulation tissue, reticular fibers
type IV - basement membrane
(strong, slippery, stretchy, BM)

31
Q

Osteogenesis imperfecta type 1

A 
Most common
Autosomal Dominant
insufficient amounts of normal type 1 collage or slightly abnormal type 1 collagen
Multiple fractures, limb deformities
Blue sclerae
hearing loss
dental abnormalities
usually due to COL1A1 and COL1A2 defects
32
Q

Osteogenesis imperfecta type 2

A

Autosomal Dominant

death in utero or in the neonatal period

33
Q

Classic Ehlers-Danlos

A

affects mainly type V collagen and type I collagen
defects in COL5A1 and COL5A2
hyper extensible skin and joint hypermobility

34
Q

Hypermobility Ehlers-Danlos

A

Most common

Joint hypermobility without hyper extensible skin

35
Q

Vascular Ehlers-Danlos

A

defect int he synthesis of Type III collagen

arterial rupture, hemorrhages, easy bruising, intracranial aneurysms (berry and aortic)

36
Q

Alport Syndrome

A 
defect of type IV collagen
nephritis and kidney failure 
hearing loss
eye problems (cataracts, lenticonus)
Can't see, Can't pee, Can't hear a high C
37
Q

Marfan Syndrome

A

defect in fibrillan (component of elastin)
hyperplastic joints, disorders of the heart valves and aorta, tall stature, long arms and legs; long fingers (arachnodactyly), precuts carinatum (anterior protrusion of sternum)

38
Q

alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency

A

defective alpha1-antitrypsin -> reduced inhibition of elastase -> increased degradation of elastin
destruction of elastin in alveoli -> panacinar emphysema
accumulation of alpha1-antitrypsin in hepatocytes -> hepatitis, cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma
**See emphysema in a nonsmoker -> think of this (esp in young people)

39
Q

Which amino acids are found in large concentrations in collagen? In elastin?

A

Collagen - hydroxyproline, proline, glycine

Elastin - glycin & proline

40
Q

What is the role of vitamin C in collagen production?

A

vita helps with hydroxylation of lysin and proline

Lack = scurvy -> poor wound healing, swollen gums, bleeding gums, anemia

DIT Cards (16 decks)

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