Fou 9 - Cellar Adaptions

Question 1

What metaplasia do we see in the trachea of smokers?

Answer 1

Ciliated columnar cells to Squamous cells.

Question 2

What metaplasia do we see in the Barret esophagus?

Answer 2

Squamous to columnar. Caused by chronic GERD.

Question 3

What is atrophy?

Answer 3

Reduced size of individual cells or reduced number of cells.

Question 4

What are four causes of atrophy?

Answer 4

Decreased hormone signals, innervation or O2 supply and nutrients. Increased hydrostatic pressure.

Question 5

What are telomeres?

Answer 5

Long, non-coding DNA sequences on ends of chromosomes. Shorten w/ each round of cell division. Shorter the telomeres, older the cell.

Question 6

What is Telomerase?

Answer 6

Elongates telomeres. Found in germ cells and stem cells. Not found in mature somatic cells. Expressed by cancer cells.

Question 7

What is happening at the cellular level of atrophy?

Answer 7

Reduction in the number of organelles. Decreased protein synthesis. Increased protein degradation (Ubiquitin-proteasome pathway). Autophaghy. Free radical oxidation of cellular components.

Question 8

What is a Lipofuscin granule?

Answer 8

Residual body within the cell, contains yellow-brown pigment; a product of free radical-induced lipid oxidation.