Fou 7 - Inflammation

Question 1

How is inflammation categorized?

Answer 1

Two types: Acute and chronic.

Question 2

Which are the inflammatory mediators in acute Inflammation?

Answer 2

There are 3 mediators: IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-alpha

Question 3

What are the functions of the Histamine, Serotonin and Bradykinin in the acute inflammation?

Answer 3

Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability fluid exudation.

Question 4

Which is the vitamin that fibrosis requires?

Answer 4

Requires Vitamin C.

Question 5

Tissue remodeling by metalloproteinases, which is the enzyme than their contain?

Answer 5

Zinc.

Question 6

What are two characteristics of Acute inflammation in terms of duration?

Answer 6

1)Rapid onset (seconds to minutes). 2)Short duration (minutes to days).

Question 7

Which are the outcomes for the acute inflammation process?

Answer 7

Complete resolution, granulation tissue, scarring, abscess formation, or progression to chronic inflammation.

Question 8

What cell mediated acute inflammation?

Answer 8

Mainly Neutrophils but also eosinophil, and antibody mediated.

Question 9

What cell mediated chronic inflammation?

Answer 9

Mainly by Mononuclear cells and Fibroblast.

Question 10

What is the main characteristic of chronic inflammation?

Answer 10

Persistent destruction and repair.

Question 11

Associated with blood vessels proliferation, fibrosis. This is a characteristic of…

Answer 11

Chronic inflammation.

Question 12

What is a granuloma?

Answer 12

It is a nodular collection of epithelioid macrophages and giant cells.

Question 13

The outcomes for chronic inflammation includes:

Answer 13

Scarring and amyloidosis.

Question 14

What is Leukocyte extravasation or Diapedesis?

Answer 14

It is the movement of leukocytes out of the circulatory system and towards the site of tissue damage or infection.

Question 15

Where occurs predominantly the Diapedesis?

Answer 15

Occurs at postcapillary venules, where haemodinamic shear forces are minimized.

Question 16

Which are the 4 steps for Leukocyte extravasation?

Answer 16

1) Margination and Rolling. 2) Tight binding. 3) Diapedesis. 4) Migration.

Question 17

Which proteins take part in Margination and rolling processes?

Answer 17

Vascular urge/Strome: E-Selectin (E=Endothelium), P-selectin (P=Platelet).
Leukocytes: Sialyl-Lewisx.

Question 18

Which proteins take part in Tight binding processes?

Answer 18

Vascular ire/Stroma: ICAM-1 (CD54) and VCAM-1 (CD106). Leukocytes: CD11/18 (LFA-1/Mac-1) integrins and VLA-4 integrin.

Question 19

Which proteins take part in Diapedesis processes?

Answer 19

PECAM-1 (CD31) both of them.

Question 20

Which substances takes part in migration processes?

Answer 20

Chemotactic products released in response to bacteria: C5a, IL-8, LTB4, Kallikrein, platelet-activating factor.

Question 21

What is the Leukocyte adhesion deficiency syndrome?

Answer 21

It is an abnormal integrin molecules, decreased CD18 integrin subunit, characterized by delayed separation of the umbilicus and recurrent bacterial infections.

Question 22

How many types of extravascular fluids are there?

Answer 22

There are two types of extravascular types, Transudate and Exudate.

Question 23

What is Transudate?

Answer 23

Extravascular fluid that is mostly water, decreased cells and proteins, low specific gravity, due to, increased hydrostatic pressure and decreased oncotic pressure.

Question 24

Which are the characteristics of inflammation?

Answer 24

1)Redness (Rubor). 2)Pain. 3)Heat/warmth. 4)Swelling. 5) Loss of function.

Question 25

What is Exudate?

Answer 25

Extravascular fluid rich in proteins and cells (inflammatory cells), due to lymphatic obstruction and inflammation.

Question 26

Which are the patterns of inflammation?

Answer 26

1)Serous(Transudate). 2)Fibrinous(Exudate). 3)Suppurative (purulent).

Question 27

Which is the protein that induces and maintains granuloma formation?

Answer 27

TNF-alpha from macrophages.

Question 28

Which are the Granulomatous diseases?

Answer 28

Bartonella Henselae (cat scratch disease). Berylliosis. Crohn disease (noncaseating granuloma). Foreign bodies. Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener). Listeria monocygotenes. Leprosy. M. Tuberculosis. Sarcoidosis (noncaseating granuloma).

Question 29

What is the Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)?

Answer 29

Products of inflammation coat RBCs and cause aggregation so the denser RBC aggregates fall at a faster rate within a pipette tube. It is nonspecific.

Question 30

Which process can show increase ESR?

Answer 30

Most Anemias. Infections, inflammation (e.g. Osteomyelitis). Inflammation (Temporal Arteritis). Cancer. Pregnancy. Autoimmune disorders (e.g. RA and SLE).

Question 31

Which process can show decreases ESR?

Answer 31

Sickle cell anemia (altered shape). Polycythemia (increased RBCs “dilute” aggregation factors). HF. Microcytosis. Hypofibrinogenemia.

Question 32

What is the C-Reactive Protein (CRP)?

Answer 32

Acute-phase reactant synthesized by the liver, opsonizes beat and activates complement.

Question 33

Describe the process of Leukocyte extravasation?

Answer 33

There are 4 steps: 1)Rolling-mediated by Selectins. 2)Tight binding-mediated by Integrins. 3)Diapedesis-Mediated by PCAM-1 and 4)Migration- mediated by IL-8, LTB4, C5a, Kallikrein.

Question 34

What cytokine is particularly important in the formation of granulomas?

Answer 34

TNF-alpha.

Question 35

What cell type plays a role in inflammation by generating fibrinogen and C-reactive protein?

Answer 35

Hepatocytes.

Question 36

What cell is most responsible for the acute phase of inflammation?

Answer 36

Neutrophils.