Fou 7 - Inflammation Flashcards
How is inflammation categorized?
Two types: Acute and chronic.
Which are the inflammatory mediators in acute Inflammation?
There are 3 mediators: IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-alpha
What are the functions of the Histamine, Serotonin and Bradykinin in the acute inflammation?
Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability fluid exudation.
Which is the vitamin that fibrosis requires?
Requires Vitamin C.
Tissue remodeling by metalloproteinases, which is the enzyme than their contain?
Zinc.
What are two characteristics of Acute inflammation in terms of duration?
1)Rapid onset (seconds to minutes). 2)Short duration (minutes to days).
Which are the outcomes for the acute inflammation process?
Complete resolution, granulation tissue, scarring, abscess formation, or progression to chronic inflammation.
What cell mediated acute inflammation?
Mainly Neutrophils but also eosinophil, and antibody mediated.
What cell mediated chronic inflammation?
Mainly by Mononuclear cells and Fibroblast.
What is the main characteristic of chronic inflammation?
Persistent destruction and repair.
Associated with blood vessels proliferation, fibrosis. This is a characteristic of…
Chronic inflammation.
What is a granuloma?
It is a nodular collection of epithelioid macrophages and giant cells.
The outcomes for chronic inflammation includes:
Scarring and amyloidosis.
What is Leukocyte extravasation or Diapedesis?
It is the movement of leukocytes out of the circulatory system and towards the site of tissue damage or infection.
Where occurs predominantly the Diapedesis?
Occurs at postcapillary venules, where haemodinamic shear forces are minimized.
Which are the 4 steps for Leukocyte extravasation?
1) Margination and Rolling. 2) Tight binding. 3) Diapedesis. 4) Migration.
Which proteins take part in Margination and rolling processes?
Vascular urge/Strome: E-Selectin (E=Endothelium), P-selectin (P=Platelet).
Leukocytes: Sialyl-Lewisx.
Which proteins take part in Tight binding processes?
Vascular ire/Stroma: ICAM-1 (CD54) and VCAM-1 (CD106). Leukocytes: CD11/18 (LFA-1/Mac-1) integrins and VLA-4 integrin.
Which proteins take part in Diapedesis processes?
PECAM-1 (CD31) both of them.
Which substances takes part in migration processes?
Chemotactic products released in response to bacteria: C5a, IL-8, LTB4, Kallikrein, platelet-activating factor.
What is the Leukocyte adhesion deficiency syndrome?
It is an abnormal integrin molecules, decreased CD18 integrin subunit, characterized by delayed separation of the umbilicus and recurrent bacterial infections.
How many types of extravascular fluids are there?
There are two types of extravascular types, Transudate and Exudate.
What is Transudate?
Extravascular fluid that is mostly water, decreased cells and proteins, low specific gravity, due to, increased hydrostatic pressure and decreased oncotic pressure.
Which are the characteristics of inflammation?
1)Redness (Rubor). 2)Pain. 3)Heat/warmth. 4)Swelling. 5) Loss of function.
What is Exudate?
Extravascular fluid rich in proteins and cells (inflammatory cells), due to lymphatic obstruction and inflammation.
Which are the patterns of inflammation?
1)Serous(Transudate). 2)Fibrinous(Exudate). 3)Suppurative (purulent).
Which is the protein that induces and maintains granuloma formation?
TNF-alpha from macrophages.
Which are the Granulomatous diseases?
Bartonella Henselae (cat scratch disease). Berylliosis. Crohn disease (noncaseating granuloma). Foreign bodies. Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener). Listeria monocygotenes. Leprosy. M. Tuberculosis. Sarcoidosis (noncaseating granuloma).
What is the Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)?
Products of inflammation coat RBCs and cause aggregation so the denser RBC aggregates fall at a faster rate within a pipette tube. It is nonspecific.
Which process can show increase ESR?
Most Anemias. Infections, inflammation (e.g. Osteomyelitis). Inflammation (Temporal Arteritis). Cancer. Pregnancy. Autoimmune disorders (e.g. RA and SLE).
Which process can show decreases ESR?
Sickle cell anemia (altered shape). Polycythemia (increased RBCs “dilute” aggregation factors). HF. Microcytosis. Hypofibrinogenemia.
What is the C-Reactive Protein (CRP)?
Acute-phase reactant synthesized by the liver, opsonizes beat and activates complement.
Describe the process of Leukocyte extravasation?
There are 4 steps: 1)Rolling-mediated by Selectins. 2)Tight binding-mediated by Integrins. 3)Diapedesis-Mediated by PCAM-1 and 4)Migration- mediated by IL-8, LTB4, C5a, Kallikrein.
What cytokine is particularly important in the formation of granulomas?
TNF-alpha.
What cell type plays a role in inflammation by generating fibrinogen and C-reactive protein?
Hepatocytes.
What cell is most responsible for the acute phase of inflammation?
Neutrophils.
