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DIT Foundation > Fou 3 - Organelles > Flashcards

Fou 3 - Organelles Flashcards

1
Q

Who structure recognize these signals and what happens next?

A

Nuclear pores recognize these signals and transport proteins into the nucleus via ATPase.

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2
Q

Which are the protein and gene that regulates the cell cycle phases?

A

Tumor suppressor proteins. Cyclins. Cyclin-dependent kinases.

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3
Q

Which is the Shortest phase of the cell cycle?

A

M phase.

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4
Q

What are the M phases?

A

Prophase. Prometaphase. Metaphase. Anaphase. Telophase. And cytokinesis (cytoplasm splits in two).

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5
Q

Which are the tumor suppressor genes?

A

P53 and RB

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6
Q

What is the function of the tumor suppressor genes?

A

Normally inhibit G1-to-S progression.

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7
Q

What happes when the tumor suppressor gene is mutated?

A

Results in unrestrained cell division.

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8
Q

Which are the cancer involved in RB mutation?

A

Retinoblastoma and Osteosarcoma.

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9
Q

Which is the regulatory protein that activate the CDKs?

A

Cyclins.

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10
Q

Which is the ubiquitin protein ligase function?

A

Degraded all the Cyclins, when their cell-cycle specific job is complete. Marks proteins for destruction by ubiquitin protein ligase.

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11
Q

Which proteins bind to and inactivate cyclin-CDK complex?

A

P21, p27 and p57.

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12
Q

Which protein that inactivate CDKs complexes is controlled by p53?

A

P53 controls the activation of p21.

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13
Q

Which are the CDKS that the cell needs for progression true the S phase?

A

Cyclin D/CDK4 and Cyclin E/CDK2.

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14
Q

Which are the CDKS that the cell needs for progression through Mitosis?

A

Cyclin A/CDK2 (mitotic prophase) and Cyclin B/CDK1(breakdown the nuclear envelop and initiation of mitosis).

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15
Q

What is the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum function?

A

It is the site of synthesis of secretory (exported) proteins.

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16
Q

What is the name of the RER in neurons?

A

Nissl bodies synthesize peptide neurotransmitters for secretion.

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17
Q

Which is the function of Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)?

A

Site of steroid synthesis and detoxification of drugs and poisons.

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18
Q

Which are the places riches in SER?

A

Liver Hepatocytes, Adrenal cortex and Gonads.

19
Q

Which are the vesicular trafficking proteins?

A

COP I, COP II and Clathrin.

20
Q

What is the function of COP I?

A

Retrograde Golgi -> Golgi

21
Q

What is the function of COP II?

A

Anterograde ER -> cisGolgi

22
Q

What is the Clathrin’s function?

A

Trans-Golgi -> Lysosomes; plasma membrane -> endosomes.

23
Q

What is function of the nuclear localization signals?

A

Essential component of proteins bound for or residing in the nucleus.

24
Q

Which is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

A

Golgi is the distribution center for proteins and lipids from the ER to the vesicles and plasma membrane.

25
Q

Which are the amino acids that are modified by Golgi apparatus?

A

Modifies N-oligosaccharides on Asparagine, adds O-oligosaccharides on Serine and Threonine.

26
Q

What is I-cell disease (inclusion cell disease)?

A

It is an inherited lysosomal storage disorder; failure of the Golgi to phosphorylate mannose residues, low levels of mannose-6-phosphate.

27
Q

What is the clinical presentation of the I-cell disease?

A

Results in coarse facial features, clouded corneas, restricted joint movement, and high plasma levels of lysosomal enzymes.
Hepatosplenomegaly, skeletal abnormalities and may have intellectual disability.

28
Q

At what age is fatal the I-cell disease?

A

Death by 8 years.

29
Q

What is the function of chaperones proteins?

A

Assist in the folding and transport polypeptides in the ER, Golgi.
Some chaperones are Synthesized constantly.

30
Q

Which are the Heat shock proteins?

A

hsp70 and hsp90.

31
Q

What is the function of the Heat Shock proteins?

A

These chaperones “rescue” shock stressed proteins from misfolding.

32
Q

Where does ATP production occurs?

A

Occurs in mitochondria, TCA cycle and electron transport chain.

33
Q

What are three roles of mitochondria besides ATP production?

A

Self-replicating, act as buffer to calcium and role in apoptosis.

34
Q

Which structure do Beta-oxidation?

A

Peroxisome.

35
Q

Which important phospholipid is synthesized by peroxisome?

A

Plasmalogens is an important phospholipids found in myelin.

36
Q

Where do we find plasmalogens?

A

Myelin.

37
Q

What must be present on a protein in order for that protein to gain entry into the nucleus?

A

Nuclear localization signal.

38
Q

Which Cyclin-CDK complexes assist in the progression from G1 phase to S phase?

A

Cyclin A + CDK2 and Cyclin B + CDK1.

39
Q

What molecule does the Golgi apparatus add to proteins in order to direct the proteins to the lysosomes?

A

Mannose-6-phosphate.

40
Q

What are the three different methods that a cell uses to break down proteins?

A

Lysosomal degradation. Proteasomal degradation. Calcium-dependent enzymes.

41
Q

This is the shortest phase in the cell cycle?

A

M phase.

42
Q

These two types of protein regulate the transition from one phase of the cell cycle to another?

A

Cyclins and Cyclins depending kinases.

43
Q

When RB protein comes unbound from this transcription factor, the cell can prepare to move from G-1 into S phase?

A

E2F.

DIT Foundation (9 decks)

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