Formulas to know Flashcards
When converting Keratometer Readings from mm’s to D…..Each 0.05 mm = approximately______
0.25D
When converting Keratometer Readings from mm’s to D…..0.5mm radius=approx______D
2.5
When converting Keratometer readings from mm’s to D…..1D change in K=approx______in radius change.
0.2mm
Optical Cross: If working in plus cyl: Determine which meridian is most______
Minus
Optical Cross: If working in Minus cyl: Determine which meridian is most ______
Plus
Optical Cross: Cyl = the difference between_______(not algebraically-like reading a lensmeter!)
Meridians
Optical Cross: Axis=________meridian
Sphere
Explain Prentices’s Rule
Formula gives approx. amount of prism present at any given point on a lens based on the dioptric power of the lens and the distance that point is from the optical center of the lens
What is the formula for Prentice’s Rule?
P= dD/10
Prentice’s Rule: P=
Amount of prism present at a particular point
Prentice’s Rule: d=
d=distance of that point from the optical center, in mm
Prentice’s Rule: D=
Dioptric power of lens
Calibrating a projector: RF distance in ft. to screen x ____=height of ______letter in mm on reflecting screen.
4.5mm
20/200
*Converting cm to Dioptors: ______________
divide cm into 100
**Example: Near point of Accommodation: 25cm 100/25=4
Magnitude of prism effect depends on ___________
Size of angle of the apex of the prism
*_______________=prism which appears to displace an object 1 cm at distance of 1M
1 prism dioptor
Prism: At 0.5M if the object is displaced 1cm D=____
2
*Prism formula…..
P=C/D
Prism=Displacement of object in cm divided by Distance from prism in meters
*Hirshberg’s Corneal Reflex test 1mm=______
7 degrees of deviation
Measuring Light Intensity:
Light from a single candle falling on a surface at a distance of 1’=
1 Candle of light
Measuring Light Intensity:
The illumination of light on a surface is inversely proportional to its____________
Distance from the light
What is the formula for Index of refraction?
Speed of light/Speed of light in subtance
*What is the formula for Kestenbaum’s Rule for Estimating Magnification for Low Vision Patients?
Denominator of VA divided by Numerator of VA=Mag Power
Example: VA 20/100
100 divided by 20=5 x magnifier
What is the formula for Snell’s Law?
Angle of Incidence(i) divided by angle of refraction=Index of refraction.
In Snell’s Law:
Mirrors: Angle of incidence=_________
Angle of reflection
_____________=reciprocal of its focal distance measured in meters.
Dioptric Power of Lens
*What is the formula for converting Focal Length into Dioptors?
D=1/F
D=Power of lens
F=Focal length in meters
What is the formula for converting Diopters into focal length?
F=1/D
D=Power of lens
F=Focal length in meters
Astigmatic clock: Multiply lower number by _____to determine approximate _______________
30
axis of astigmatism
What are the steps to converting minus cyl to plus or vice versa?
- Algebraically add the sphere and cylinder
- Change the sign of the cyl from + to - or vice versa
- Add 90 degrees to axis(if adding 90 goes over 180 subtract 90)
How do you get vertex distance?
Measure distance (in mm) from back surface of lens to the K.
*Power compensation for change in Vertex Distance:
When you move a lens, it changes______________
the effective power of that lens
(Question was tricky: something like if you move the lens a certain distance what happens)
Plus lens:
If lens is moved closer toward the eye this _____________
decreases effective power of the lens
Plus lens:
You must __________the power of the lens to maintain the same effective power at the VD.
increase
Minus lens:
Move lens closer toward the eye will __________________
Increase effective power of the lens
Minus lens:
You must ___________ the power of the lens to maintain the same effective power at the new VD
decrease
*What is the standard Axial length of the eye
23.5mm
*What is the range of axial length of the eye?
22.0-24.5mm
What is the standard AC depth of the eye?
3.24mm
Range varies (especially with GLC pts)
What it the standard dimension of the Lens Thickness?
4.63 up to 6.9 mm as it becomes cataractous
*What is the average K readings?
43.0-44.0
Usually within 1D of the fellow eye
What is the average CCT?
555 microns
When K thickness reading are thicker IOP will read…..
higher(real IOP lower)
When K thickness readings are thinner the IOP will read…..
lower (real IOP higher)
Goldmann VF light intensity:
Each step of a-e represents a brighter illumination of _____log unit (1dB).
0.1
Goldmann VF Light intensity:
Each step 1-4 represents a ____log unit (5dB) change of intensity
0.5
Goldmann VF light intensity:
Logarithmic (20db is _____times ______than 10dB)
10
brighter
When calculating Golmann Perimetry Trial Lenses, What is the bowl depth?
33cm
When calculating trial lens for Goldmann perimetry what ADD would you use for ages 30-40?
+1.00
When calculating trial lens form Goldmann Perimetry what ADD would be used for age 40-45?
+1.50
When calculating trial lens for Goldmann perimetry what ADD would be used for ages 45-50?
+2.00
When calculating trial lenses for Golmann Perimetry what ADD would be used for ages 50-55?
+2.50
When calculating trial lenses for Goldmann perimetry what ADD would be used fro ages 55 and older or cylcopleged?
+3.00
When calculating trials for Goldmann perimetry when do you use cyl?
Use cyl if >1D
If <1D use spherical equivalent.
Applanation Principle:
Describe Imbert-Flick Principle.
The pressure inside a thin-walled sphere=the force necessary to flatten its surface divided by the area of flattening
What is the formula for Imber-Flick principle?
P=F/A
P=Pressure
F=Force
A=Area
*Normal axial length
23.5mm
Range 22-24
AC Depth
3.24mm
Varies esp with glc drops
Lens thickness
4.63-6.9mm as it become cataractous
*K Reading
43.0-44.0
Usually within 1D of the fellow eyes
Ave CCT
555 microns
The thicker the CCT the______the IOP
Higher(actual IOP lower)
The thinner the CCT the ______the IOP
Lower (actual IOP higher)
*Near point accommodation:
Is 20cm
Is 40cm
What is the dioptic power
(I answered +5.00 and +2.00)
*Know this :What is IOL power measured in?
I answered Diopters(not sure if I was right)