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Forgotten Flashcards

1
Q

Why is fibre needed in the diet?

A

To keep everything moving smoothly through the digestive system.

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2
Q

Why is protein needed in the diet?

A

For growth, cell repair and cell replacement.

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3
Q

What can too much saturated fat lead to?

A

Increased blood cholesterol levels.

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4
Q

What can too much salt in the diet lead to?

A

High blood pressure and heart problems.

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5
Q

How do bacteria harm the body?

A

Damage cells and produce toxins.

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6
Q

How do viruses harm the body?

A

Invade cells and replicate inside causing them to burst.

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7
Q

What are the pros of vaccination?

A

Helps control the spread of a disease. Epidemics can be prevented if a large percentage of the population is vaccinated.

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8
Q

What are the cons of vaccination?

A

Sometimes they don’t give you immunity. Sometimes an individual may have a bad reaction to the vaccine.

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9
Q

What do painkillers do?

A

Reduce symptoms but don’t tackle the cause of the disease.

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10
Q

What do antibiotics do?

A

They kill the bacteria without killing the body cells. They don’t work on viruses and they replicate inside cells.

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11
Q

How can you test the action of antibiotics?

A

Growing cultures of microorganisms:

  1. Hot agar jelly is poured into a shallow petri dish.
  2. When the jelly is cooled and set, inoculating loops are used to transfer microorganisms to the culture medium where they multiply.
  3. Paper discs are soaked in different types of antibiotics and placed on the jelly.
  4. Lid of Petri dish opened as little as possible to prevent microbes from air entering.
  5. incubate to allow growth of bacteria.
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12
Q

Why is equipment sterilised?

A

So that no unwanted microorganisms get into the culture medium and affect the results.

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13
Q

What has the overuse of antibiotics led to?

A

The increase of the likelihood of people being infected by antibiotic resistant strains.

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14
Q

What are hormones carried in?

A

The blood plasma.

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15
Q

What do hormones control?

A

Things in the organs and cells that need constant adjustment.

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16
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical messengers which travel in the blood to activate target cells.

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17
Q

What does FSH do?

A

Causes an egg to mature, stimulates the production of oestrogen.

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18
Q

Where is FSH produced?

A

Pituitary gland.

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19
Q

What does oestrogen do?

A

Causes the pituitary gland to produce LH and inhibits the further release of FSH.

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20
Q

Where is oestrogen produced?

A

Ovaries.

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21
Q

What does LH do?

A

Stimulates the release of an egg.

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22
Q

Where is LH produced?

A

Pituitary gland.

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23
Q

What is used in oral contraceptives and why?

A

Oestrogen - it inhibits the production of FSH, therefore an egg cannot mature.

24
Q

What are the pros of the pill?

A

Over 99% effective and reduces the risk of getting some types of cancer.

25
Q

What are the cons of the pill?

A

It isn’t 100% effective and can cause side effects like headaches and nausea. It also doesn’t stop STDs.

26
Q

If a woman wants to get pregnant what is she injected with and why?

A

FSH - stimulates the maturing of an egg.

27
Q

What are the pros of FSH injections?

A

Helps a woman get pregnant.

28
Q

What are the cons of FSH injections?

A

It doesn’t always work, and some women may do it several time which can be expensive. May also lead to multiple pregnancies which is dangerous.

29
Q

How does IVF work?

A
  1. Eggs are collected from a woman ovaries and sperm is collected from a man and they are fertilised. They are grown into embryos in labs.
  2. Once the embryos are tiny balls of cells, one or two are transferred to the woman’s uterus to improve the chance of pregnancy.
  3. FSH and LH are given before the eggs are inserted.
30
Q

What are the pros of IVF?

A

Women can get pregnant.

31
Q

What are the cons of IVF?

A

Some women have strong reactions to the hormones. Multiple births may occur which are more risky for the mother and babies.

32
Q

What is added to plant cuttings to help them grow and produce roots rapidly?

A

Rooting powder, which contains auxin.

33
Q

What inside the body needs to be controlled?

A

Ions content, sugar content, water content, temperature.

34
Q

How is ion content regulated?

A

If a food contains too much of an ion the excess will be removed. The kidneys remove the excess from the blood and this is then removed in the urine.

35
Q

How are sugar levels maintained?

A

Insulin.

36
Q

How are drugs tested?

A
  1. First they are tested on human cells and tissue in the lab.
  2. They are then tested on live animals so that the correct dosage can be found as well as the toxicity and see whether it works.
  3. It is then tested on human volunteers in clinical trails. First healthy people to check for any sided effects. This helps to find the optimum dose that is most effective without any side effects.
  4. It is then tested on ill people. They are put into two groups, one is given the new drug and the other a placebo, to see the difference the drug makes. These are usually double blind trials.
37
Q

What are the problems with smoking?

A

Causes disease of the heart, blood vessels and lungs. Tobacco also causes cancer and nicotine is very addictive.

38
Q

What is the problem with alcohol?

A

It affects the nervous system and slows down the body’s reactions. It leads to impaired judgement, poor coordination and unconsciousness. Excessive drinking can damage the liver and brain. it is also addictive.

39
Q

What living factors cause environmental change?

A

Infectious diseases, predators, change in number of prey, number of competitors.

40
Q

What non-living factors cause environmental change?

A

Average temperature, rainfall, air or water pollution.

41
Q

What living indicators measure environmental change?

A

Lichens - air pollution as they are sensitive to the level of sulphur dioxide in the air.
Mayfly larvae - water pollution as they are sensitive to the concentration of dissolved oxygen in water.
Sludge worms and rat-tailed maggots - indicate high levels of water pollution.

42
Q

What non-living indicators measure environmental change?

A

Satellites - temperature of the sea surface and the amount of snow or ice cover.
Automatic weather stations - atmospheric temperature at various locations.
Rain gauges - measure rain fall.
Dissolved oxygen meters - measure the concentration of dissolved oxygen and tell us the level of water pollution.

43
Q

How are organisms characteristics determined?

A

By their genes.

44
Q

What are genes influenced by?

A

The environment.

45
Q

How does a gardener take cuttings?

A

They take cuttings from good plants and then plant them to produce genetically identical copies of a parent plant,

46
Q

What is the advantage of taking cuttings?

A

They can be produced quickly and cheaply.

47
Q

How do gardeners do tissue culture?

A

A few plants are put in a growth medium with hormones, and they grow into new plants - clones of the parent.

48
Q

What is the advantage of tissue culture?

A

They can be grown quickly and cheaply, in very little space all year round.

49
Q

How is embryo transplant carried out?

A
  1. Sperm and egg from prized animals are artificially fertilised.
  2. The cloned embryos then are implanted into lots of other cows where they’ll grow into calves genetically identical to one another.
50
Q

How does adult cell cloning happen?

A
  1. An unfertilised egg cell’s genetic information is removed.
  2. A complete set of chromosomes from an adult body cell in inserted into the empty egg.
  3. The egg cell is stimulated by an electric shock causing it to divide, like a normal embryo.
  4. When the embryo is a ball of cells, it is implanted into an adult female to grow.
  5. It will be a genetic copy of the original adult body cell.
51
Q

What are the problems with cloning?

A

Leads to a reduced gene pool, so could be easily wiped out.

52
Q

What are the good things about cloning?

A

It preserves endangered species.

53
Q

How is insulin produced?

A
  1. Enzymes are used to cut out insulin gene from human DNA.
  2. The gene is then inserted into the bacteria by the enzymes.
  3. The bacteria is then allowed to grow and multiply.
  4. The insulin produced is purified and is used to treat diabetic people.
54
Q

What are the pros of GM crops?

A

Increased yield, in countries where there is a lack of a certain nutrient, crops can be altered to contain that nutrient. Can be grown anywhere without any problems.

55
Q

What are the cons of GM crops?

A

Will affect weeds and flowers, reducing biodiversity on farms. People not convinced it is safe for human consumption, worried about developing allergies. Herbicide resistant genes may develop.

B1 (17 decks)

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