Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE > Forestry (yr 2) > Flashcards

Forestry (yr 2) Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Biodiversity

A

a variety of plant/animal life in a particular habitat or in the world
(a high level is good)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Carbon Sequestration

A

A natural/artificial process by which carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere and held in a solid/liquid form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Fibres

A

a thread of filament from which a vegetable tissue/mineral substance/textile is formed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Fragmentation

A

the process or state of breaking or being broken into fragments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

hydrology

A

the study of water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

interception

A

precipitation that does not reach the soil and is stopped by things such as leaves, branches, etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

maximum sustainable yield

A

the maximum level at which a natural resource can be routinely exploited without long term depletion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

monoculture

A

a cultivation of a single crop in a given area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

non-indigenous

A

not naturally occurring in a particular region or environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

selective logging

A

practice of cutting down a few tree species while leaving the rest intact and unarmed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

transpiration

A

the exhalation of water vapour through the stomata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is medicine as a resource? Where is it found? Examples?

A

Chemicals extracted from trees and then (normally) artificially synthesised.
Most forests contain trees that hold these properties but they haven’t been fully exploited.
Quinine - for malaria
Curare - muscle relaxant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Timber as a resource

A
  • Strong, light, flexible, little processing, readily available
  • Uses -> construction, telegraph poles, furniture, tools, shuttering for concrete
  • Mahogany/teak - tropical
  • Oak/Beech - deciduous
  • Conifer - coniferous
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Timber used as fuel for a resource

A
  • Used by most LEDCs still for heating/cooking

- In most MEDCs oil/coal/gas are used instead

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Food from forests as a resource

A
  • Cacao/coffee/bananas/papayas/brazil nuts/fodder for livestock/animals (pigs and chickens)
  • Forest food gene possible used for genetically engineering/selective breeding of other plants in the future
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Fibres from wood as a resource

A
  • Paper made from flattened and interwoven cellulose fibres (pulped wood)
  • Cotton from cotton bush seeds
  • Viscose (rayon) textiles made by chemical treatment of cellulose fibres extracted from wood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How does the atmospheric regulation of a forest support life?

A
  • balance of photosynthesis and respiration, co2 and o2 levels
  • carbon sequestration in the cellulose
  • growing trees reduces co2 levels - counteracts greenhouse effect
  • Aerobic respiration releases o2 which reacts with NOx to produce o3 and restore the ozone layer
  • forest soils = carbon reservoir and nitrogen reservoir
  • total carbon in soil = more than double than atmosphere
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How does the forest support life with its habitat and wildlife refuge?

A
  • most biodiverse terrestrial ecosystem, microclimate/niches supported by each tree species
  • Niches created by stratification - seen when there’s higher primary productivity
  • Higher primary productivity = high energy levels to support higher trophic levels
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Why might energy take a long time to be release from trees?

A

They take a long time to die and decompose as they live for a long time so store a lot of energy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How does the forest regulate the water cycle?

A
  • Evapotranspiration
  • Interception - reduces surface runoff, and splash erosion
  • Shading - reduces evaporation from soil
21
Q

How does the forest help climate regulation?

A
  • Stabilises climate
  • Carbon and nitrogen cycle -> photosynthesis/aerobic respiration/carbon sequestration/ decomposition etc
  • O2 released reacts with NOx to form O3 and repair ozone layer
  • Microclimates and varying abiotic factors keeps a dynamic equilibrium in the cycles
21
Q

How does the forest help climate regulation?

A
  • Stabilises climate
  • Carbon and nitrogen cycle -> photosynthesis/aerobic respiration/carbon sequestration/ decomposition etc
  • O2 released reacts with NOx to form O3 and repair ozone layer
  • Microclimates and varying abiotic factors keeps a dynamic equilibrium in the cycles
22
Q

How does the forest help soil conservation?

A
  • Root binding reduces soil loss by erosion
  • DOM increases soil fertility/humus/depth
  • creates platy or crumbly peds
  • reduces erosion (water(splash)/wind)
  • reduces nutrient leaching
23
Q

How does the forest affect light?

A

The canopy absorbs most the light (favourable red/blue wavelengths) through its chlorophyll. Lower level plants absorb green wavelengths by having denser chlorophyll, additional pigments or growth periods for when canopy trees don’t have leaves.

24
Q

What do forests do to wind velocity and humidity?

A
  • Lower wind velocity by shelter of the trees so animals are used by plants for seed dispersal.
  • Humidity is higher (transpiration) so it is easier for animals such as amphibians to survive as their skin doesn’t dry out.
25
Q

How does it affect the microclimate?

A

Trees change abiotic conditions under the canopy layer creating a wider range or conditions that species may be better adapted to (inside range of tolerance)

26
Q

Recreation and amenity?

A

How humans use the forest.

Holidays/walking/cycling/activity centre/educational activities/orienteering/camping.

27
Q

Purpose of growing non-indigenous species?

A

Better adapted to survive certain conditions, less likely to suffer pests and disease.
GROW FASTER (easy marks for any question regarding non-native species.
Conifers - paper - sell - increased economic growth
Furniture/furnishings/desirable products - Oak/Teak/Mahogany

28
Q

How does growing non-indigenous species impact biodiversity?

A

DECREASES

  • outcompetes native species
  • don’t support indigenous wildlife (food, nesting sites, shelter etc)
29
Q

The purpose of a monoculture?

A
  • Easier management of plantations

- Planting/thinning/felling can all happen simultaneously

30
Q

How does a monoculture effect biodiversity?

A

DECREASE

  • Reduces local plant species
  • Food sources for animals/insects reduced
  • Strips soil of nutrients when mass felled
31
Q

What is the purpose of close planting?

A
  • Trees compete with each other for light so grow tall and straight
  • Grow quicker
  • Wood will have less knots (less lateral growth) == More profitable
32
Q

How does close planting decrease biodiversity?

A
  • Low light levels inhibits the growth of other plants
  • Lack of nutrients because of the quantity of trees in one area
  • Less food sources for animals due to lack of low level plants
33
Q

What is the purpose of a simple age structure?

A
  • Management is easier as they will all be similar sizes and need similar management
  • Felled when income is greatest, when approaching full size and the growth rate begins to slow
34
Q

How does a simple age structure affect biodiversity?

A
  • Reduces variety of abiotic factors that support wildlife
  • Wood felled before it falls so there is a loss of habitat for invertebrates that live in the wood and therefore less food for bird species like the woodpecker.
35
Q

Causes of deforestation?

A
  • > Fuel including oil and gas
  • > Minerals/ mining
  • > Agriculture - crop and animals
  • > Infrastructure
  • > Plantations
  • > Economic growth - items for trading
36
Q

Impact on soil when forests are lost?

A
  • Loss of soil fertility as there is no DOM returning to the soil to be decomposed so no nitrogen/phosphorus returns
  • Nutrient leaching due to increased water erosion
  • Increased erosion (both water and wind) as there is no root binding
  • Soil becomes more compacted or can become toxic if there are spoil heaps leaking nearby
  • Loss of soil structure
37
Q

How does the loss of forests affect hydrology?

A
  • Less interception
  • Less evapotranspiration
  • More surface runoff so more nutrient leaching
  • More atmospheric water as there is increased evaporation from the soil
38
Q

How does the loss of forests affect the climate

A
  • Loss of micro climates and niches
  • Reduced range of abiotic factors
  • Increased atmospheric levels of the biogeochemical cycles
  • Increased atmospheric H2O
39
Q

How does the loss of forests impact the biodiversity?

A
  • Lack of habitat, nesting grounds, food sources
  • Abiotic factors pushed outside the range of tolerances of animals
  • Decreased biodiversity due to change in biotic factors
40
Q

Pros of mixed species plantations

A

+range of species increases = more resources for other species
+food sources/pollen sources/ habitat
+greater range of interspecies relationships and niches so higher biodiversity

41
Q

Cons of mixed species plantations

A
  • may be less useful if there is a demand for a specific product provided for by a particular tree
  • other species may be less commercially viable
42
Q

Pros of using indigenous species

A

+food/nesting sites for other indigenous species
+well suited for growth in local climate
+less impacted by local pests/fungi/disease

43
Q

Cons of using indigenous species

A

-may not grow as fast or produce such as desirable type of wood

44
Q

Pros of mixed age structure

A

+Range of abiotic factors present that vary across the forest which will be suited to a various range of species
+Microhabitats/niches to support a wide range of species
+Mixed species reduces need to harvest all trees at once as they won’t all be mature, therefore minimising overall wildlife/soil disturbance

45
Q

Pros of mixed age structure

A

+Range of abiotic factors present that vary across the forest which will be suited to a various range of species
+Microhabitats/niches to support a wide range of species
+Mixed species reduces need to harvest all trees at once as they won’t all be mature, therefore minimising overall wildlife/soil disturbance

46
Q

Pros of selective logging

A

+ trees will mature in mixed points and therefore will be able to be harvested at different times
+certain trees chosen whilst those that support wildlife/are in more sensitive areas can be avoided
+narrow access pathways and methods such as heli-logging or horse drawn sledges can reduce the amount of and that needs to be cleared
+allows for a higher yield- each tree reaches maturity compared to mass felling
+less soil erosion as land is not completely bare
+animals don’t need to move as far to find a suitable habitat when only a few trees are removed at a time.

47
Q

Cons of selective logging

A
  • more labour intensive

- requires more overall time/effort

47
Q

Cons of selective logging

A
  • more labour intensive

- requires more overall time/effort

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions