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Forensic Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the top down approach to offender profiling?

A

American (FBI) system, interviewed 36 sexually motivated killers and created organised and disorganised categories

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2
Q

What are characteristics of organised offenders?

A

Planning / no evidence left behind
Above average IQ
Socially and sexually competent

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3
Q

What are characteristics of disorganised offenders?

A

Little planning / leaves behind evidence
Impulsive
Below average IQ
Socially and sexually incompetent

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4
Q

What are the 4 main stages in construction of FBI profiles?

A
  1. Data assimilation
  2. Crime scene classification
  3. Crime reconstruction
  4. Profile generation
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5
Q

What is the bottom up approach?

A

Data driven profile building, doesn’t use fixed typologies.

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6
Q

What are the 2 main components to bottom up approach?

A
  1. Investigative psychology
    - interpersonal coherence
    - importance of time and place
  2. Geographical profiling
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7
Q

What are the definitions of marauder and commuter types of offender?

A

Marauder - offends close to home
Commuter - travels from home to commit crime

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8
Q

Meketa 2017 - advantage of top down approach

A

Found top down approach also applies to burglary (fit into organised and disorganised)

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9
Q

Goreta 1991 - findings on psychodynamic approach to criminality

A

Support for over-harsh super ego
All 10 offenders interviewed displayed need for self-punishment

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10
Q

Canter 2004 - findings for top down approach

A

Analysis of 100 serial killers and found they mostly fit into organised and disorganised categories

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11
Q

Eysenck 1977 - findings on EPQ scores

A

Compared over 2000 prisoners and 2000 controls and found significant difference
Support for Eysenck’s theory of criminal personality

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12
Q

Lundrigan & Canter 2001 - findings on circle theory

A

Serial killers almost have a base at centre of crime scene locations
Suggests circle theory is correct

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13
Q

Farrington 2006 - support for differential association theory

A

Found ‘family criminality’ to be a key risk factor in offending behaviour

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14
Q

Farrington 1982 - findings about Eysenck’s EPQ

A

There is only significant difference between criminals/non-criminals in psychoticism not neuroticism or extroversion
Suggests biological cause due to high testosterone

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15
Q

Raine - biological causes of criminality

A

People with APD have 11% less grey matter in prefrontal cortex compared to controls
Suggests criminality is caused by low functioning frontal lobes

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16
Q

Tihonen 2015 - genetic causes of criminality

A

Found low functioning MAOA is more common in offenders
Suggests MAOA gene is a contributor to criminality

17
Q

Christianson 1977 - twin study into criminality

A

MZ = 35% concordance
DZ = 13% concordance
Suggests some genetic link but must have some environmental factors

18
Q

Crowe 1972 - adoption study into criminality

A

If criminal mother = 50% risk of having criminal record
No criminal mother = 5% risk
Suggests biological component

19
Q

Goring 1913 - findings on physical criminal characteristics

A

Found no link to facial / cranial ‘abnormalities’
Suggests Lombroso’s atavistic theory is wrong

20
Q

Canter & Heritage 1990 - findings for bottom up approach

A

Found correlation between behaviours in crimes and everyday life. Also found ‘case linkages’ between crimes committed by same person
Support for interpersonal coherence

21
Q

Ainsworth 2001 - findings on bottom up approach

A

Age and timing of offence are more important than geographical profiling

22
Q

Kocsis 2002 - findings on bottom up approach

A

Chemistry students produced more accurate profiles than detectives
Suggests bottom up approach may not work

23
Q

Shirley 1997 - findings on custodial sentencing

A

Inmates who engage in prison education are 43% less likely to reoffend
Suggests custodial sentencing can rehabilitate offenders

24
Q

Hobbs & Holt 1976 - findings on behaviour management

A

Found young offenders in token economies showed more positive behaviours than controls
Suggests token economies are effective behaviour management

25
Q

Ministry of Justice 2016 - negatives of prison

A

124 inmate suicides in 2016 (32% increase and 10x higher than non-prison population)
Prison exacerbates mental health issues

26
Q

Kochanska 2001 - findings on psychodynamic approach to criminality

A

Found children with harsh parents do not have strong feelings of guilt
Suggests criminality is not due to over harsh super ego

27
Q

Schonenberg 2014 - findings on hostile attribution bias

A

55 offenders more likely to interpret neutral faces as hostile compared to controls
Suggests hostile attribution bias is factor in criminality

28
Q

Kohlberg 1973 - findings on levels of moral reasoning

A

Found lower levels of moral reasoning in violent offenders (stuck at pre-conventional level)
Suggests lowered moral reasoning causes criminality

29
Q

Barbaree 1991 - findings on minimalisation

A

54% interviewed rapists denied crime
Further 40% minimised harm caused

30
Q

Strang 2007 - findings for restorative justice

A

Restrictive justice reduced recidivism compared to controls
Suggests restorative justice is effective

31
Q

Shapland 2008 - findings on restorative justice

A

85% of survivors report satisfaction with restorative justice
60% = gave them ‘closure’ and helped them move on
2% = made them feel worse and ‘used’ for rehabilitation of offender
Suggests effectiveness

32
Q

Blackburn 1993 - findings on behaviour modification

A

Behavioural benefits of token economies tend to disappear upon release
Suggest that they have little lasting rehabilitative power

33
Q

Howells 2005 - findings on behaviour modification

A

Anger management has very little overall impact compared to controls
BUT has significant impact on high anger individuals

34
Q

Palmer & Hollingsworth 1998 - findings on levels of moral reasoning

A

Found significantly lower levels of moral reasoning than controls (stuck at pre-conventional level)

35
Q

Bowlby 1944 - findings on causes of criminality

A

Found 14 of 44 thieves were affection-less psychopaths
12 of 14 had maternal deprivation
X - contradicted by replication

Psychology (11 decks)

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