Approaches

Question 1

Pavlov 1927

Answer 1

Behaviourist approach
Dog learned to associate food with bell and salivated at sound of bell only
Suggests behaviour is learnt through classical conditioning

Question 2

Watson 1920

Answer 2

Little Albert
Deliberately given phobia by pairing loud noise with white rat = phobia of furry things
Suggests phobias learnt through classical conditioning

Question 3

Bandura 1961

Answer 3

Behaviourist approach
Children exposed to adult aggression towards bobo doll imitated the behaviour, and this increased when they saw the aggression rewarded
Suggests children learn by vicarious reinforcement

Question 4

Skinner 1953

Answer 4

Rewarded behaviours are repeated (positive reinforcement) and punished behaviours are avoided (negative reinforcement)
Suggests humans learn through operant conditioning

Question 5

What are the defence mechanisms for psychodynamic approach?

Answer 5

Repression
Denial
Displacement

Question 6

What are the 5 stages of the psychodynamic approach?

Answer 6

Oral (0-1)
Anal (1-3)
Phallic (3-6)
Latency
Genital (puberty)

Question 7

What is introspection?

Answer 7

The process in which a person examines their own mind, by consciously observing their thoughts and emotions

Question 8

What is structuralism?

Answer 8

Identifying the structure of consciousness by breaking it into basic structures: thoughts, images and sensations

Question 9

What was the timeline for the emergence of psychology as a science?

Answer 9

1900 - early behaviourists rejected introspection
1930’s - emergence of behaviourist approach
1950’s - cognitive approach
1980’s - biological approach

Question 10

What is assimilation and who came up with it?

Answer 10

The process by which new information is added to schemas.
Jean Piaget

Question 11

What are the 4 mediation processes for SLT?

Answer 11

Attention
Retention
Motor Reproduction
Motivation

Question 12

What are the assumptions of the behaviourist approach?

Answer 12

Studied observable behaviours and ignored investigating mental processes (introspection and the cognitive approach).
Baby’s mind = ‘blank slate’
Classical and operant conditioning

Question 13

What are the assumptions of the Social Learning Theory?

Answer 13

Agreed with behaviourism but suggested we learn through observation and imitation.

Question 14

What is identification?

Answer 14

People, especially children, are more likely to imitate a person they identify with

Question 15

Bartlett

Answer 15

Memories can be distorted by schemas
When students were asked to recall info from a Native American battle, they missed out or changed information as it didn’t fit their cultural schema

Question 16

What are the 3 types of schemas outlined by the cognitive approach?

Answer 16

Self schema - our sense of self
Role schema - expectations of how people should act
Event schema - expectations about what should happen in certain situations

Question 17

What are the 3 processes of schema distortion (as found by Bartlett)?

Answer 17

Assimilation - changing to fit cultural schema
Levelling - shortening information
Sharpening - changing order of story, adding details / emotions

Question 18

Abnormal behaviours explained by pyschodynamic approach?

Answer 18

Smoking, over-eating

Question 19

What are Maslow’s conditions of worth?

Answer 19

Unconditional positive regard
Genuineness
Empathy

Question 20

What are the 3 needs Maslow says we must have to self-actualise?

Answer 20

Unconditional positive regard
Genuineness
Empathy