Foreign relations Flashcards
Give 4 of HVIII’s foreign policy aims
1) establish his status himself amongst European powers through marriage
2) establish himself as a warrior King through success in Battle
3) ensure that neither Francis I or Charles V could act without considering the reaction and interests of England
4) cultivate close links with the Papacy
Who was Francis I ?
King of France until 1547
Who was Charles V ?
King of Spain as well as Holy Roman Emperor
When did Charles V become King of Spain ?
1516
When did Charles V become Holy Roman Emperor ?
1519
Give an early example in 1510 of how HVIII wanted to ease relations with France in his foreign policy.
The Anglo French Peace Treaty, the Treaty of Etaples, was renewed by his councillors
What alliance did Henry join in 1511 that was evidence of him wanting to establish close links with the Papacy ?
The Holy league
What was the Holy league, that was set up in 1511 ?
It was an Anti French alliance set up by Pope Julius II that involved a number of other European powers such as Spain and the Holy Roman Empire
When was Henry’s first campaign in France ?
1512-1513
Why did Henry VIII launch a war with France in 1512 ?
As part of the Holy league alliance that was Anti French, he was instructed to.
What happened in 1512 as part of HVIII’s campaign in France from 1512-1513 ?
Henry sent an army of 10,000 under the command of the Marquis of Dorset. However, there was no Spanish support, a high cost involved and demoralised troops.
What happened in 1513 as part of HVIII’s campaign in France from 1512-1513
This was where Henry won the Battle of Spurs capturing Tournai and Therouanne
What was a limitation of the capture of Tournai and Therouanne in 1513 when HVIII won the Battle of Spurs ?
Tournai was sold back to the French for less than England paid in reconstruction costs
What was the Anglo Scottish Battle in 1513 called ?
Battle of Flodden
What happened in the Battle of Flodden ?
This was a Scottish invasion of the Northern Border - The Earl of Surrey was given instructions to repel the invasion
How many English and Scottish troops were killed in the Battle of Flodden ?
English = 1,500
Scottish = 10,000
What King was killed in the Battle of Flodden (1513) ?
King James IV
Who replaced King James IV as King of Scotland after he was killed in 1513 ?
King James V (King James IV’s son and Margaret, his mother and sister of Henry VIII acting as regent)
What is a regent ?
a person appointed to administer a state because the monarch is a minor or is absent or incapacitated.
Why was the death of King James IV and the outcome of the Battle of Flodden in 1513 beneficial for Henry with Anglo Scottish relations ?
Scotland was no longer an active threat for England
Why, in 1514, did Henry choose to seek peace with European countries ?
This is because he had ran out of money by this time
Give an example of a marriage alliance tha Henry organised in 1514 as a result of having no money so having to seek peace with European countries.
In Oct 1514, Mary Tudor married Louis XII of France
How was the marriage of Mary Tudor to Lous XII of France in October 1514 a failure in 2 ways ?
1) The marriage only lasted 3 months until 1515 when Louis XII died
2) After the death of Louis XII, Mary Tudor chose to marry the Duke of Suffolk - This meant she was no longer useful for marriage alliances and diplomatic purposes
What peace treaty was signed between Francis I (Fance) and Charles V (Spain) in 1516 ?
Treaty of Noyon
What did the Treaty of Noyon in 1516 do ?
Ended the Fighting between Spain and France - gave Milan to France and confirmed Naples for Spain
What huge diplomatic event came in 1518, that was organised by Cardinal Thomas Wolsey ?
the Treaty of London
What was the Treaty of London 1518 ?
This was a treaty of Universal peace signed up by the top 20 leaders in Europe, including the Pope, each promising to not attack any of the others.
When was the Field of Cloth of Gold ?
1520
What was the Field of Cloth of Gold ?
This was a 2 week summit meeting between Henry VIII and Francis I intended to show off the wealth of the respective monarchs.
How much did the Field of Cloth of Gold Cost for HVIII ?
£15,000
Which 2 countries was the Battle of Pavia between ?
King I of France & the Habsburg Emperor, Charles V
How did the Battle of Pavia end in 1525 ?
the French army of 28,000 was defeated and Francis I himself, was left a prisoner of Charles V
After Charles V’s victory over the French at the Battle of Pavia in 1525, the Aim of HVIII’s that neither Francis I or Charles V could act without considering the reaction and interests of England was not met, Explain how.
Charles had bigger plans of European domination and neglected his English ally, HVIII.
What anti-Spanish alliance was set up in 1526 ?
The League of Cognac
What was England’s involvement in the League of Cognac of 1526 ?
Wolsey organised but didn’t join an alliance against Charles’ expansion into Italy, alongside France, the Pope, Venice and Florence.
What anti-imperial alliance (Against Charles V) were Wolsey and Henry forced to make with the French, due to their weak position in Europe in 1527 ?
The Treaty of Amiens (1527) - promised ‘eternal peace’ between HVIII and Francis I, signed at Westminster
What major event happened in May 1527 that undermined the Pope’s ability to act independently of the Holy Roman Emperor’s (Charles V’s) interests ?
The Sack of Rome Charles V
Why did the Sack of Rome in May 1527 undermine the Pope’s ability to act independently of the Holy Roman Empire’s interests ?
This Sack of Rome whereby Rome was captured by the Troops of Charles V left Pope Clement VII a prisoner of the Holy Roman Emperor
How did Pope Clement VII being a prisoner of Charles V impact Henry VIII’s divorce proceedings with Catherine of Aragon ?
Charles V was the nephew of Catherine of Aragon - This made her marriage to HVIII politically significant - In the divorce proceedings, Pope Clement VII remained heavily influenced by Charles V (major factor in preventing Henry from receiving a prompt divorce).
When does Henry begin the Break with Rome ?
1533
What was the Treaty of Bruges ?
This was an anglo-Habsburg alliance where Wolsey and Charles V made a joint declaration of war against France in 1523 and a plan for Charles V to marry HVIII’s daughter, Princess Mary.
When was the treaty of Bruges ?
1521
Why was the success of the Treaty of Bruge between HVIII and Charles V limited ?
This is because, The planned marriage between Charles V and HVIII’s daughter, Princess Mary, did not go through as Charles V broke off the engagement within a few years of the agreement.
Who was the Treaty of Cambrai between ?
between the Holy Roman Empire (Charles V) and Francis I
What was agreed between Francis I and Charles V in the Treaty of Cambria ?
This temporarily confirmed Spanish dominance over Italy following the defeat of the French by Charles V at the Battle of Landriano, Italy.
Why was the Treaty of Cambria between Charles V and Francis I a failure for Henry ?
This is because, England had been completely sidelined and forgotten about
When was the Treaty of Cambria ?
1529
What was the Treaty of Nice about ?
this was the declaration of a 10 year truce between Francis I and Charles V
When was the Treaty of Nice (between Francis I and Charles V)
1538
Following on from the Treaty of Cambrai between Francis I and Charles V in 1529, when did the pair begin fighting again ?
1536
When was HVIII excommunicated from the Catholic church by the Pope over his divorce from Catherine of Aragon ?
1538
In 1539, What did the Pope attempt to do that led to Fear of invasion of England ?
He attempted to Unite Catholic powers in 1539. Led to fear of invasion from Francis I and Charles V
How, in 1538, is it evident that James V, King of Scotland, adapted a pro French policy showing that the Auld Alliance was still in survival ?
By his marriage to Mary of Guise, a French noblewomen, in 1538
What happened in the Battle of Solway Moss ?
This was where, Henry sent an army that was 20,000 soldiers strong, under the command of the Duke of Norfolk, to Scotland. The scottish army was defeated.
When was the Battle of Solway Moss ?
1542
Who was the Treaty of Greenwich between ?
Scotland and England
What was agreed at the treaty of Greenwich ?
It included a marriage between Henry’s son with Jane Seymour, Prince Edward and infant Queen Mary of Scots.
When was the treaty of Greenwich between Scotland and England ?
1543
Why is the Treaty of Greenwich, in 1543, that included an agreement for Prince Edward to marry infant Queen Mary of Scots, limited ?
This is because Scottish Parliament refused to ratify the agreement
In 1544, Henry leads an invasion of France, what place/ country did Henry manage to capture in this invasion ?
Boulogne
Who was the Battle of Ancrum Moor between ?
England and Scotland
When was the Battle of Ancrum Moor ?
1545
What happened in the Battle of Ancrum Moor ?
This was where, after Francis provided troops to Scotland, English troops were defeated with around 800 being killed.
During the Battle of Ancrum Moor, What country’s force landed on the Isle of white and what English ship sank in the Solent as a result of this force landing ?
French force landed on the Isle of White, and the Mary Rose Sank in the solent. (1545)
