Foreign Policy (Turks/Africa)

Question 1

Importance of the Mediterranean

Answer 1

Needed it to communicate between Spain’s empire, especially the key Italian dominions, Naples and Sicily, which were on the front line of the Turk conflict. Naval achievements in Mediterranean also benefitted Spanish commerce and shipping.

Question 2

Tripoli Offensive? What was the result?

Answer 2

1559 - all that was captured was djerba and as a result Philip decided to switch to a more defensive strategy and develop the navy

Question 3

How many men were lost in the Tripoli offensive? Why was it doomed to fail?

Answer 3

18 000 men were lost and 42/80 of its vessels. The fleet had taken over 6 months to assemble so was inevitably doomed to fail.

Question 4

Blockade of Naples

Answer 4

1560 - dragut blockaded maples with 35 vessels

Question 5

Oran

Answer 5

1563, the Spanish successfully saved the North African town

Question 6

Besiege of Malta

Answer 6

1565 - Philip and the Knights Templar were taken by surprise despite repeated warnings and the Ottomans were only unsuccessful because the viceroy stepped in. This did give the Spanish a renewed sense of confidence.

Question 7

Viceroy of Naples

Answer 7

Pedro Afán de Ribera

Question 8

When and where did the period of naval reconstruction begin?

Answer 8

1565 - barcelona, naples and sicily

Question 9

Malaga

Answer 9

1566 - 28 Biscayan ships were lost to the Ottomans

Question 10

Fall of Cyprus

Answer 10

1570

Question 11

Battle of Lepanto

Answer 11

1571 between the Ottomans and the Holy League

Question 12

Which artist commemorated the battle of Lepanto?

Answer 12

Titian

Question 13

When were the truces with Ottomans? (5)

Answer 13

1578, 1580, 1581, 1584, 1587

Question 14

When did the Spanish gain Tunis? When did the Turks regain Tunis?

Answer 14

1573, 1574

Question 15

What were the Turks preoccupied with after 1578?

Answer 15

Persia

Question 16

How many ships did the Ottomans lose? What about the Spanish?

Answer 16

Ottomans lost 130 whereas the Spanish only lost 12

Question 17

What does Parker imply about Philip’s motives in relation to the Ottomans?

Answer 17

That his religious motives were subordinate to his strategic motives.

Question 18

Who commanded the holy league?

Answer 18

Don John commanded the Spanish fleet and Sebastiano Venier the venetian. Marc Antonio Colonna commanded the papal galleys.

Question 19

Why did Philip not benefit from the Holy League the way he had hoped he would?

Answer 19

Because he had to provide the majority of the fleet.

Question 20

Fall of Cyprus

Answer 20

1570

Question 21

How did the winter benefit the Spanish?

Answer 21

The major powers avoided lengthy military campaigns during winter. This kept Muslim allies apart and prevented more regular and coordinated attacks on Spanish targets.